The Clinical Toxicology of 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): The Severity of Poisoning After Exposure to Low to Moderate and High Doses

Lonkhuyzen, Johanna J. Nugteren–van; Lange, Dylan W. de; Riel, Antoinette van; Vrolijk, Ruben Q.; Ohana, Dana; Hondebrink, Laura

doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.04.022

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, they are distinct from their progenitors in that they lack a long history of human use and substantial research data. While prior work has begun to apply risk-classifications on the basis of individual clinical reports (Bersani et al 2014 ; Corkery et al 2020 ; Nugteren–van Lonkhuyzen 2020 ), and investigated both the possibility of enhanced likelihood of reduced mental wellbeing or potential therapeutic benefits pertaining to their use, a fine-grain understanding of individual NP use patterns has yet to be compiled. Quantitative descriptions of dose, route of administration, duration of effects and experience of (sub)acute psychological and physiological risks are the first key steps in informing harm reduction approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides

et al. 2022

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Background Novel psychedelics (NPs) are an expanding set of compounds, presenting new challenges for drug policy and opportunities for clinical research. Unlike their classical derivatives, little is known regarding their use profiles or their subjective effects. Aims The purpose of this study was to compile usage patterns and adverse event rates for individual NPs belonging to each of three main psychedelic structural families. Targeting the most widely used representatives for each class, we expanded on their phenomenological distinctions. Methods A two-part survey was employed. We investigated the prevalence of novel phenethylamines, tryptamine and lysergamides in NP users (N = 1180), contrasting the type and incidence of adverse events (AEs) using a set of logistic regressions. Honing in on 2–4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-B) (48.6%), 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD) (34.2%) and 4-Acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-AcO-DMT) (23.1%), we examined their phenomenological separability using a gradient boosting (XGBoost) supervised classifier. Results Novel phenethylamines had the highest prevalence of use (61.5%) seconded by tryptamines (43.8%) and lysergamides (42.9%). Usage patterns were identified for 32 different compounds, demonstrating variable dosages, durations and a common oral route of administration. Compared to phenethylamines, the odds for tryptamines and lysergamides users were significantly less for overall physical AEs. No significant differences in overall psychological AEs were found. Overall model area under the curve (AUC) stood at 0.79 with sensitivity (50.0%) and specificity (60.0%) for 2C-B ranking lowest. Conclusion NP classes may hold distinct AE rates and phenomenology, the latter potentially clouded by the subjective nature of these experiences. Further targeted research is warranted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides

et al. 2022

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“…Even if the exact toxicological mechanisms are not well understood in humans, animal studies indicate neuro-and genotoxic properties of certain SPs, such as 5-MeO-DIPT [74], 2C-C, 2C-P [75], and 25B-NBOMe [76,77]. In the case of 2C-B, poisonings reported to the Dutch Poisons Information Centre were mild to moderate [64] according to the Poisoning Severity Score [78], but severe neurological reactions to 2C-B have also been reported, i.e. central serotonin syndrome, epileptic seizures, cerebral oedema [79], and cerebral vasculopathy [80].…”

Section: Harms Associated With Serotonergic Psychedelicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases, however, physical risks of SPs are not due to the general toxicity of the substance, but rather to the profound and sometimes overwhelming psychological effects that can lead to accidents and other harmful and potentially fatal behaviours. Acute adverse psychological effects include dysphoria, panic, confusion, hallucinations, paranoid thought, aggression, and anxiety [38,64]. These symptoms could be especially problematic by using long-acting phenethylamine psychedelics like DOB and DOI, with effects lasting for up to 36 h [81], or in cases of unintended consumption of SPs due to mis-sold non-psychedelic samples.…”

Section: Harms Associated With Serotonergic Psychedelicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safer Tripping: Serotonergic Psychedelics and Drug Checking. Submission and Detection Rates, Potential Harms, and Challenges for Drug Analysis

et al. 2021

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Purpose of Review With the continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances, drug checking (DC) services are challenged by an increasingly complex drug market. Considering the resumed scientific and public interest in serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) like LSD, psilocybin, and 2C-B, we present the results of a literature search investigating the presence and proportion of SPs in DC samples. Recent Findings In 15 identified reports, submission and detection rates of SPs were comparably low, but increasing. Samples contained considerable amounts of adulterations or analogues, mostly novel SPs with unknown toxicological profiles and in some cases potentially life-threatening effects. The detection of SPs, however, requires advanced analysis techniques currently not available to most DC services. Summary Given the substantial proportion of novel SPs in DC samples and the associated risks, DC can be a valuable harm reduction and monitoring tool for SPs if analysis techniques with high sensitivity are employed.

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Analysis of drugs seized from amnesty bins at two major United Kingdom summer music festivals using two portable gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) instruments

Frinculescu,

Shine,

Ramsey

et al. 2024

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Globally, the number of drug users and the proportion of the drug using population has increased from 210 million in 2009 to 269 million in 2019. Several studies suggest that music festival attendees are more likely to abuse illicit substances and have a high‐risk profile. Consequently, it is crucial to develop robust field drug analysis methods that facilitate harm reduction and drug monitoring. The work presented in this report aimed at developing and validating qualitative analytical methods for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B), ketamine and N‐ethylpentylone on two portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) systems: Griffin G510 (Teledyne FLIR, West Lafayette, IN) and Torion T‐9 (PerkinElmer, Shelton, CT). The diagnostic ability of the mobile GC–MS units was assessed on 200 samples in total, seized at two large summer music festivals in the United Kingdom. The method validation process included selectivity/specificity, limit of identification, carry‐over, ruggedness/robustness, and inter‐ and intra‐day precision (repeatability and reproducibility). The Griffin G510 demonstrated a limit of identification from 1 mg/mL for 2C‐B to 0.063 mg/mL for ketamine and good ruggedness and precision results. The precision for 2C‐B using the Torion T‐9 was poorer than for the Griffin G510, but equivalent for the other compounds tested. Correct identifications (versus benchtop GC–MS) for the two festivals were 85%–86% and 74%–83% for the Griffin G510 and the Torion T‐9, respectively. The two portable instruments were able to adequately cover current on‐site drug‐testing analytical gaps and proved to be a powerful addition to the on‐site drug analysis techniques.

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The Clinical Toxicology of 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): The Severity of Poisoning After Exposure to Low to Moderate and High Doses

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides

The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides

Safer Tripping: Serotonergic Psychedelics and Drug Checking. Submission and Detection Rates, Potential Harms, and Challenges for Drug Analysis

Analysis of drugs seized from amnesty bins at two major United Kingdom summer music festivals using two portable gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) instruments

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