The Clinical Translation of Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Polymeric Nanoparticles, Micelles, Liposomes and Exosomes

Abstract

The application of nanotechnology in the medical field is called nanomedicine. Nowadays, this new branch of science is a point of interest for many investigators due to the important advances in which we assisted in the lasts decades, in particular for cancer treatment. Cancer nanomedicine has been applied in different fields such as drug delivery, nanoformulation and nanoanalytical contrast reagents. The application of nanotechnology to pharmaceutical science allowed to build up nanosystems based on at least two stage vectors (drug/nanomaterial), which often shown a better pharmacokinetics (PK), bioavailability and biodistribution. As result of these advantages, the nanomaterials accumulate passively in the tumor (enhanced permeability and retention, EPR) decreasing side effects of free drug. In the last decades, many new drug formulations have been translated from the bench to the bedside. In this review, we describe the main drug nanoformulations based on different types of organic nanoparticles (NPs), the advantages that the new formulations have over to their free drug counterparts and how nanodrugs have improved the clinical care.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Reduce A1 Astrocytes via Downregulation of Phosphorylated NFκB P65 Subunit in Spinal Cord Injury

“…Exosomes comprise one of the main subclasses of EVs and are considered the most promising therapeutic mediator of MSC function by altering the activity of target cells via horizontal transfer of mRNAs, microRNAs, and proteins [61]. Compared with factors in the absence of membrane packaging, exosomes are more stable and capable of targeting inflammatory sites due to their enhanced permeability and retention effects [62,63]. MSC-exo have been confirmed to exert beneficial effects on functional recovery and suppress the activation of A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocytes after SCI [24,64]; However, it remains unclear whether these effects are comparable to those of live MSCs when applied systemically to SCI rats.…”

Prospects and challenges of extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery system: considering cell source

“…Doxil V R , the first liposomal anticancer drug formulation was approved by the FDA in 1995 (Barenholz, 2012). Among many other similar drugs appeared recently, toxicity is one of the reasons for delayed clinical applications of liposomes (Palazzolo et al, 2018). Indeed, synthetic lipid nanoparticles always induce a toxic immune response in vivo, and they accumulate in the liver mostly and do not perform as well as expected (De Jong & Borm, 2008;Zolnik et al, 2010;Fernandez-Fernandez et al, 2011).…”

“…(Antimisiaris et al, 2018), while others are under clinical testing, such as CPX-1, CPX-351, En-doTAG-1 (Lip-opack), LEP-ETU, etc. (Palazzolo et al, 2018). Products like Doxil V R where the main pharmacological mechanism is passive targeting have poor selectivity toward cancer cells, which induce severe systemic side effects (Antimisiaris et al, 2018).…”

Magnetic Temperature-Sensitive Solid-Lipid Particles for Targeting and Killing Tumor Cells

“…Progress in physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology achieved over the last decades, led to elaboration of new strategies in drug delivery systems based on micro-and nanoscale carriers. Surface modification with biological moieties, such as antibodies and peptides, enabled their enhanced delivery to the targeting site and limited their rapid clearance by the immune system (Myung et al, 2017;Smith and Gambhir, 2017;Zhu et al, 2017;Bayda et al, 2018;Kim et al, 2018;Palazzolo et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2019;Zottel et al, 2019). Various polymers were used to produce microcapsules, liposomes, and micelles that are able to enclose both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, protect them from severe conditions, and release them in controllable manner at the final site of destination (Singh et al, 2010;Akbarzadeh et al, 2013;Zhang et al, 2014).…”