The clock-drawing test

Agrell, Berit; Dehlin, Ove

doi:10.1093/ageing/afs149

Cited by 114 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…included into composite screening batteries [20,21,52]. In its classical form [53], CDT requires patients to 'draw the face of a clock with all the numbers and set the two hands to 10 after 11'.…”

Section: Drawing Tasks Frequently Used In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In its classical form [53], CDT requires patients to 'draw the face of a clock with all the numbers and set the two hands to 10 after 11'. Many administration procedures and scoring systems have been proposed [54][55][56][57], but there is no consensus as to which is the most useful for dementia screening [20,54]. The scoring systems share commonalities, but each may reflect different cognitive components and be correlated with different areas of brain atrophy [58].…”

Section: Drawing Tasks Frequently Used In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationships between clinical forms of dementia and the corresponding patterns of drawing disabilities stem, therefore, from the fact that (at least in the early stages of the disease) the brain pathology affects different brain networks preferentially. Furthermore, the need for simple tasks with rich informational content in the assessment of dementia prompted the implementation of drawing tasks, such as the clock drawing test (CDT) [20][21][22], in place of those classically used for assessing CA in patients with focal brain lesions. The present review will therefore include several sections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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Abstract. Drawing is a multicomponential process that can be impaired by many kinds of brain lesions. Drawing disorders are very common in Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, and can provide clinical information for the distinction of the different dementing diseases. In our review we started from an overview of the neural and cognitive bases of drawing, and from a recollection of the drawing tasks more frequently used for assessing individuals with dementia. Then, we analyzed drawing disorders in dementia, paying special attention to those observed in Alzheimer's disease, from the prodromal stages of the amnesic mild cognitive impairment to the stages of full-blown dementia, both in the sporadic forms with late onset in the entorhino-hippocampal structures and in those with early onset in the posterior neocortical structures. We reviewed the drawing features that could differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementia and from the most frequent forms of degenerative dementia, namely frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body disease. Finally, we examined some peculiar aspects of drawing disorders in dementia, such as perseverations, rotations, and closing-in. We argue that a careful analysis of drawing errors helps to differentiate the different forms of dementia more than overall accuracy in drawing.

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Section: Drawing Tasks Frequently Used In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Drawing Tasks Frequently Used In Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drawing Disorders in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Forms of Dementia

Trojano

Gainotti

2016

JAD

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“…The assessment included clock drawing test (Agrell and Dehlin 1998) Kaplan et al 1983), and trail making test A and B (TMTA and TMTB;Reitan 1958). The TMT subtest A and B offer two different scores.…”

Section: Diagnostic Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

MEG spectral analysis in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment

López

Cuesta

Garcés

et al. 2014

AGE

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Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been described as an intermediate stage between normal aging and dementia. Previous studies characterized the alterations of brain oscillatory activity at this stage, but little is known about the differences between single and multidomain amnestic MCI patients. In order to study the patterns of oscillatory magnetic activity in amnestic MCI subtypes, a total of 105 subjects underwent an eyes-closed resting-state magnetoencephalographic recording: 36 healthy controls, 33 amnestic single domain MCIs (a-sd-MCI), and 36 amnestic multidomain MCIs (a-md-MCI). Relative power values were calculated and AGE (2014) compared among groups. Subsequently, relative power values were correlated with neuropsychological tests scores and hippocampal volumes. Both MCI groups showed an increase in relative power in lower frequency bands (delta and theta frequency ranges) and a decrease in power values in higher frequency bands (alpha and beta frequency ranges), as compared with the control group. More importantly, clear differences emerged from the comparison between the two amnestic MCI subtypes. The a-md-MCI group showed a significant power increase within delta and theta ranges and reduced relative power within alpha and beta ranges. Such pattern correlated with the neuropsychological performance, indicating that the a-md-MCI subtype is associated not only with a "slowing" of the spectrum but also with a poorer cognitive status. These results suggest that a-md-MCI patients are characterized by a brain activity profile that is closer to that observed in Alzheimer disease. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the likelihood of conversion to dementia would be higher within this subtype.

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“…The eldercare facilitator arranges to meet the patient, usually at their home and with a family member or another appropriate supporter. She carries out an assessment and gathers further information using an agreed protocol, 3 which includes using the clock drawing test 4 and Brief Assessment Schedule Depression Cards (BASDEC). 5 The next step is usually for the patient, preferably with a family member, to come to the next memor y clinic.…”

Section: The Eldercare Facilitatormentioning

confidence: 99%