The cloned avirulence gene avrPto induces disease resistance in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene

Ronald, Pamela C.; Salmeron, John M.; Carland, Francine M.; Staskawicz, Brian J.

doi:10.1128/jb.174.5.1604-1611.1992

Cited by 193 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…HR, rapid, localized tissue collapse in the infiltrated area; D, tissue chlorosis and necrosis typical of disease symptoms caused by DC3000; Null, no visible plant reactions; NA, not assayed. DC3000 and its derivatives, hrpA and hrpS mutants, contain avrPto in the chromosome (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tomato DC3000 and complemented hrpA mutants in tomato and Arabidopsis leaves were characterized by slowly developing necrosis and spreading tissue chlorosis, usually observed 3 days after infiltration. Strain DC3000 and its hrpA and hrpS mutants contain avrPto in the chromosome (38). Plasmid pAVRB contains P. syringae pv.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DC3000 contains avrPto, which mediates the elicitation of an HR on tomato cv. Rio GrandePtoR containing the Pto resistance gene (38,43). avrB was originally cloned from P. syringae pv.…”

Section: Production Of Multiple Exps By Dc3000 In a Hrp-inducingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hrp pilus: An hrp -dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Roine

Wei

Yuan

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

279

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Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes control the ability of major groups of plant pathogenic bacteria to elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in resistant plants and to cause disease in susceptible plants. A number of Hrp proteins share significant similarities with components of the type III secretion apparatus and f lagellar assembly apparatus in animal pathogenic bacteria. Here we report that Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (race 0) produces a filamentous surface appendage (Hrp pilus) of 6-8 nm in diameter in a solid minimal medium that induces hrp genes. Formation of the Hrp pilus is dependent on at least two hrp genes, hrpS and hrpH (recently renamed hrcC), which are involved in gene regulation and protein secretion, respectively. Our finding of the Hrp pilus, together with recent reports of Salmonella typhimurium surface appendages that are involved in bacterial invasion into the animal cell and of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virB-dependent pilus that is involved in the transfer of T-DNA into plant cells, suggests that surface appendage formation is a common feature of animal and plant pathogenic bacteria in the infection of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, we have identified HrpA as a major structural protein of the Hrp pilus. Finally, we show that a nonpolar hrpA mutant of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is unable to form the Hrp pilus or to cause either an HR or disease in plants.Major groups of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria belonging to genera Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Xanthomonas contain hypersensitive reaction and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. These genes control the ability of these bacteria to initiate interactions with plants, including elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction (HR), characterized by rapid localized death of plant cells at the pathogen infection site in resistant plants and causation of disease in susceptible plants (1, 2).hrp genes of Pseudomonas syringae are expressed in planta as a result of a regulatory cascade involving the gene products of hrpS and hrpR, positive transcriptional regulators, and of hrpL, an alternative sigma factor (3, 4). HrpL recognizes a consensus sequence motif (''harp box'') that has been identified in the upstream regions of many hrp and avr genes (4). The expression of hrp genes of many P. syringae pathovars can also be induced in vitro when bacteria are grown in defined minimal medium with low pH and containing certain sugars or sugar alcohols as carbon sources (5-7).The 25-kb hrp͞hrmA gene cluster of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain 61 is sufficient to enable nonpathogenic strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli to elicit the HR in nonhost plants (8). Sixteen of the 25 genes in this completely sequenced hrp͞hrmA gene cluster are either predicted or shown to be required for secretion of harpin Pss , a proteinaceous elicitor of the HR encoded by hrpZ (9, 10). Nine of these hrp genes, recently renamed hrc genes (11), are broadly conserved among P. syringae pathovars, Erwi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hrp pilus: An hrp -dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Roine

Wei

Yuan

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

279

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“…In addition, the avrPto avirulence gene that corresponds to Pto has been cloned from I ? s. tomato (Ronald et al, 1992). The avrRo gene encodes a mostly hydrophilic protein of 18.3 kD that shows no similarity to entries in protein sequence data bases, and its expression is regulated by carbon source and /?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In tomato, resistance to /? s. tomato strains that express the avirulence gene avrffo (Ronald et al, 1992) is governed by the incompletely dominant Pto resistance locus on chromosome 5 (Pitblado et al, 1984;Carland and Staskawicz, 1993;Martin et al, 1993a). Pto was introgressed into Lycopefsicon esculentum cultivars from the sexually compatible resistant species L. pimpinellifolium (Pitblado and MacNeill, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tomato mutants altered in bacterial disease resistance provide evidence for a new locus controlling pathogen recognition.

et al. 1994

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We have employed a genetic approach to study the resistance of tomato to the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. Resistance to I? s. tomato depends upon expression of the Pto locus in tomato, which encodes a protein with similarity to serinehhreonine protein kinases and recsgnizes pathogen strains expressing the avirulence gene avrPto. Eleven tomato mutants were isolated with altered resistance to I? s. tomato strains expressing avrPto. We identified mutations both in the Pto resistance locus and in a new locus designated Prf (for Pseudomonas resistance and fenthion sensitivity). The genetic approach allowed us to dissect the roles of these loci in signal transduction in response to pathogen attack. Lines carrying mutations in the Pto locus vary 200-fold in the degree to which they are susceptible to I? s. tomato strains expressing avrPto. The pto mutants retain sensitivity to the organophosphate insecticide fenthion; this trait segregates with Pto in genetic crosses. This result suggested that contrary to previous hypotheses, the Pto locus controls pathogen recognition but not fenthion sensitivity. Interestingly, mutations in the prf locus result in both complete susceptibility to I? s . tomato and insensitivity to fenthion, suggesting that Prf plays a role in tomato signaling in response to both pathogen elicitors and fenthion. Because pto and prf mutations do not alter recognition of Xanthomonas campestris strains expressing avrBsR an avirulence gene recognized by all tested tomato cultivars, Prf does not play a general role in disease resistance but possibly functionsspecifically in resistance against I? s. tomato.Genetic analysis of F2 populations from crosses of pto and prf homozygotes indicated that the Pto and Prf loci are tightly lin ked .

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Protein–Protein Interactions in the Regulation of Plant Gene Transcription

Zhou

2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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The cloned avirulence gene avrPto induces disease resistance in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene

Cited by 193 publications

References 35 publications

Hrp pilus: An hrp -dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Hrp pilus: An hrp -dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

Tomato mutants altered in bacterial disease resistance provide evidence for a new locus controlling pathogen recognition.

Protein–Protein Interactions in the Regulation of Plant Gene Transcription

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