The co-occurrence of autistic and ADHD dimensions in adults: an etiological study in 17 770 twins

Polderman, Tinca J. C.; Hoekstra, Rosa A.; Posthuma, Daniëlle; Larsson, Henrik

doi:10.1038/tp.2014.84

Cited by 118 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Martin et al [99] showed that ADHD's polygenic liability derived from a clinical sample predicted ASD traits in a population sample, which confirms twin study data [48,51] and gene set analyses [100] showing genetic overlap between ADHD and ASDs. The polygenic liability score derived from Martin et al's ADHD case-control clinical sample also predicted both inattention and hyperactivity in the general population.…”

Section: Common Variant Adhd As a Polygenic Disordermentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The pattern of association across relatives supported the existence of a genetic overlap between clinically ascertained ASD and ADHD [50]. Some features of ASD are differentially linked to either the inattentive or the hyperactive-impulsive components of ADHD [51,52]. For instance, Polderman et al [51].…”

Section: Psychiatric Comorbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some features of ASD are differentially linked to either the inattentive or the hyperactive-impulsive components of ADHD [51,52]. For instance, Polderman et al [51]. found that the symptoms reflecting the repetitive and restricted aspects of ASD showed the strongest genetic association with ADHD and a Swedish twin study found that the subcomponents of ADHD and ASD are influenced by specific genetic factors [48].…”

Section: Psychiatric Comorbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2018

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Decades of research show that genes play an vital role in the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its comorbidity with other disorders. Family, twin, and adoption studies show that ADHD runs in families. ADHD's high heritability of 74% motivated the search for ADHD susceptibility genes. Genetic linkage studies show that the effects of DNA risk variants on ADHD must, individually, be very small. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated several genetic loci at the genome-wide level of statistical significance. These studies also show that about a third of ADHD's heritability is due to a polygenic component comprising many common variants each having small effects. From studies of copy number variants we have also learned that the rare insertions or deletions account for part of ADHD's heritability. These findings have implicated new biological pathways that may eventually have implications for treatment development.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset condition with impairing symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Decades of research have documented and replicated key facts about the disorder (for a review, see ref.[1]). It occurs in about 5% of children with little geographic or cross-cultural variation in prevalence and often co-occurs with other conditions, including mood, anxiety, conduct, learning, and substance use disorders. Longitudinal studies show that two-thirds of ADHD youth will continue to have impairing symptoms of ADHD in adulthood. People with ADHD are at risk for a wide range of functional impairments: school failure, peer rejection, injuries due to accidents, criminal behavior, occupational failure, divorce, suicide, and premature death. Although many details of ADHD's pathophysiology are unknown, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies implicate brain circuits regulating executive functioning, reward processing, timing, and temporal information processing.This article reviews data about the role that genes play in the etiology of ADHD from two perspectives. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide a firm foundation for asserting that genes are involved in the etiology of ADHD. The view from molecular genetics provides a basis for understanding mechanisms whereby genes affect biological pathways that lead to ADHD. Family, twin and adoption studies of ADHDEvidence for heritability from family, adoption, and twin studies A study of 894 ADHD probands and 1135 of their siblings aged 5-17 years old found a ninefold increased risk of ADHD in siblings of ADHD probands compared with siblings of controls [2]. Adoption studies suggest that the familial factors of ADHD are attributable to genetic factors rather than shared environmental factors [3,4] with the most recent one reporting rates of ADHD to be greater among biological relatives of non-adopted ADHD children than adoptive relatives of adopted ADHD children. The adoptive relatives had a risk for ADHD like the risk in relatives of control childr...

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Section: Common Variant Adhd As a Polygenic Disordermentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Psychiatric Comorbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psychiatric Comorbiditymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2018

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“…This contrast with the high genetic correlation (0.87) between ASD and ADHD in a sample of young adolescents (12 years old) [15], albeit findings in a similar age group suggest genetic correlations may be symptom domain specific [moderately strong between communication difficulties and traits of ADHD (~0.50), but low to moderate for other ASD domains (~0.05-0.30)] [31,32]. A sample of late adolescent/young adults (18-33 years) showed a moderately strong genetic correlation (~0.70) between ASD and ADHD traits [24], albeit studies including a similar age range found lower genetic correlations (~0.20-0.60), strongest between repetitive behaviors and ADHD symptoms ( [21]; see also [16]). A study including two elderly adult samples (mean age ~45 years, maximum ~75 years) revealed a prominent genetic correlation between attention problems (ADHD inattention scale and the ASD attentional switching scale) (0.80) [22].…”

Section: Shared Heritability Of Asd and Adhd Across The Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Rommelse

Hartman

2016

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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been strongly focused on childhood. The age of onset for ASD and ADHD is nearly always in childhood ([18]; but see [17]), which is the likely reason for this bias. However, given that it is already well known that developmental changes take place in both ADHD and ASD symptom domains separately, a focus beyond childhood is needed to further understand the potentially changing etiology of ADHD-ASD co-occurrence. Heritability of ADHD across the lifespanSeveral longitudinal twin studies on ADHD symptoms report that new, age-specific genetic effects influence ADHD symptoms in adolescence and adulthood, suggesting that ADHD symptoms are a developmentally complex phenotype characterized by both continuity and change across the life span [3,9,12,13,19]. In addition, only a modest overlap between longitudinal genetic effects underlying both symptom domains (inattention versus hyperactivity/impulsivity) appears present, suggesting it is necessary to study both separately. Moreover, several longitudinal studies report that subgroups may be formed based on various combinations of symptoms in both domains across the longitudinal course that likely has partly distinct genetic underpinnings ([7, 14, 25]). These findings strongly suggest that genetic effects implicated in childhood ADHD may not at all be directly comparable to those that influence ADHD in adulthood. This concurs with a review on molecular genetics in adult ADHD, where it was concluded that only some genes potentially related to childhood ADHD have been replicated in adults with the disorder [8]. In addition, in some cases the same genes were implicated, but different alleles increased the risk for ADHD in children versus adults (for instance, the 10-repeat in the dopamine transporter gene [DAT1] increased the risk for ADHD in children, but decreased the risk in adults) [8]. Note though that currently

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“…This is certainly meritorious for many reasons but from a scientific perspective, I would have enjoyed seeing some discussion on shared mechanism, be it neural or molecular. For example, it is well established that both autism and schizophrenia share genes (Rapoport et al, 2012); can the same be said for autism and ADHD (see, for example, Polderman, Hoekstra, Posthuma, & Larsson, 2014)? Similarly, there are abundant studies examining the neural correlates of these two disorders -do the disorders share neural circuitry?…”

Section: Neural and Molecular Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary: Developmental origins of autism and ADHD – a commentary on Johnson et al. (2015)

Nelson

2015

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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Autism (autistic spectrum disorder, ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders. Current estimates for autism exceed 1% For ADHD, the 2013 US‐based life time prevalence figure is 11%. Both disorders are also highly heritable. Intriguingly, approximately 50% of children with ASD also meet criteria for ADHD. Between their high heritability and comorbidity, some have wondered whether these two seemingly different disorders might in fact be related at some deep neurobiological level. The notion that these two disorders may be related is surprising when one considers the fact that autism generally appears in the first 1–2 years of life, whereas it is virtually impossible to identify ADHD during this time frame; indeed, inattentiveness and hyperactivity tend to be traits that are shared by nearly all toddlers, making a stable diagnosis of ADHD virtually impossible until early childhood (although a reliable diagnosis can generally be made during the preschool period). Like many neurodevelopmental disorders, early identification and early treatment are essential to easing the life time burden of these disorders. Of course, early treatment is predicated on early identification and it is for this reason that the review article by Johnson and colleagues is so intriguing, as it sets out to determine whether these disorders can be identified in the infancy period. It also raises a number of puzzling issues that remain undiscussed.

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The co-occurrence of autistic and ADHD dimensions in adults: an etiological study in 17 770 twins

Cited by 118 publications

References 60 publications

Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Review: changing (shared) heritability of ASD and ADHD across the lifespan

Commentary: Developmental origins of autism and ADHD – a commentary on Johnson et al. (2015)

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