The cold pressor test: Vascular and myocardial response patterns and their stability

Saab, Patrice G.; Llabre, María M.; Hurwitz, Barry E.; Schneiderman, Neil; Wohlgemuth, William K.; Durel, Lynn A.; Massie, Clifford A.; Nagel, Joachim H.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02058.x

Cited by 94 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…14,15 However, limb and forehead cold pressor tasks tend to evoke divergent cardiac responses. Hand and foot cold pressor tasks typically elicit HR acceleration and some increase in myocardial performance (eg, PEP shortening), [11][12][13][14][15] whereas forehead cold pressor tasks tend to elicit HR deceleration, characteristic of the "dive reflex," with little change in myocardial performance. 11,12,14 The cardiac effects of whole-body CE involved HR deceleration and PEP shortening, suggesting an amalgam of the cardiac effects of limb and forehead cold stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] One physical stressor frequently used in hypertension research is some variation of the cold pressor task, a potent stimulus for ␣-adrenergic vasoconstriction, which typically involves immersion of a limb in ice water or placement of a bag of ice water on the forehead. [11][12][13][14][15] A number of studies have shown that the magnitude of cardiovascular responses during cold pressor is related to future resting blood pressure (BP) and the development of hypertension. 16 -18 Furthermore, studies of both adults and children indicate that increases in total peripheral resistance (TPR) during various limb and forehead cold pressor tasks are greater in blacks than in whites, suggesting a possible racial difference in vascular reactivity to cold stress.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

et al. 2000

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Background-Previous studies by our laboratory and others have shown that blood pressure (BP) responses to many short-term laboratory stressors are greater in black than in white children. We sought to determine the cardiac and vascular contributions to these differences in BP reactivity and whether racial differences in vascular reactivity involve excessive vasoconstriction or deficient vasodilation. Methods and Results-We evaluated BP, heart rate, and impedance cardiographic measures of preejection period (PEP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) in healthy black (nϭ76) and white (nϭ60) adolescents (mean age, 14.8 years) during passive exposure to a vasoconstrictive cold chamber (8°C to 10°C) and a vasodilatory heat chamber (40°C to 42°C). Results indicated greater decreases in PEP and increases in TPR in blacks than whites during cold exposure (PϽ0.05) but no group differences during heat exposure. Covariance analyses indicated that the racial differences during cold exposure probably reflected greater ␤-adrenergic cardiac reactivity and ␣-adrenergic vasoconstrictive reactivity in blacks than whites. Conclusions-Blacks and whites exhibited comparable myocardial and vasodilatory responses to heat stress, but blacks exhibited heightened myocardial and vasoconstrictive reactivity to cold stress. These results suggest that the locus of racial differences in vascular reactivity involves vasoconstrictive rather than vasodilatory function. The pattern of racial differences during cold stress raises the possibility that both myocardial and vasoconstrictive mechanisms may contribute to the increased risk of hypertension in blacks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

et al. 2000

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“…The vascular mechanism constricts the vasculature, thereby increasing blood pressure much like constricting a hose increases water pressure. Specific stressors tend to elicit either myocardial or vascular responses, providing evidence of situational stereotypy (Saab et al 1992(Saab et al , 1993. Laboratory stressors that call for active coping strategies, such as giving a speech or performing mental arithmetic, require the participant to do something and are associated with myocardial responses.…”

Section: Biological Responses To Stressors Acute Stress Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants

Schneiderman

Ironson

Siegel

2005

Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.

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Stressors have a major influence upon mood, our sense of well-being, behavior, and health. Acute stress responses in young, healthy individuals may be adaptive and typically do not impose a health burden. However, if the threat is unremitting, particularly in older or unhealthy individuals, the longterm effects of stressors can damage health. The relationship between psychosocial stressors and disease is affected by the nature, number, and persistence of the stressors as well as by the individual's biological vulnerability (i.e., genetics, constitutional factors), psychosocial resources, and learned patterns of coping. Psychosocial interventions have proven useful for treating stress-related disorders and may influence the course of chronic diseases.

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“…The hand was removed from the water after 1.5 minutes, and then re-emerged after 10 seconds to allow a total immersion time of three minutes with minimal discomfort. This task is characterized primarily by sympathetic α-adrenergic activation (Saab et al, 1993).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idiodynamic profiles of cardiovascular activity: A P-technique approach

Friedman

Santucci

2003

Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science

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A study was conducted to expand the conventional view of cardiovascular (CV) reactivity by using the idiodynamic paradigm for investigation of individuals. Patterns of autonomic CV regulation were assessed in six subjects across diverse laboratory tasks on three separate occasions. Individual CV profiles were derived from these data with P-technique factor analysis, and then group aggregated with chain P-technique. The composite pattern suggested a three-component solution consisting of cardiac rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral resistance factors. Individual profiles were compared to the composite pattern; these profiles differed in the number of components derived, percentage variance explained by these components, and relative dominance of specific CV components. A hypothesis that emerged is that the subjects differed in the complexity of CV control. It appears that the idiodynamic framework, combined with novel research designs and statistical methods, may help expand the view of CV reactivity beyond the traditional unitary view as response magnitude.

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The cold pressor test: Vascular and myocardial response patterns and their stability

Cited by 94 publications

References 39 publications

Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

Racial Differences in Hemodynamic Responses to Environmental Thermal Stress Among Adolescents

Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants

Idiodynamic profiles of cardiovascular activity: A P-technique approach

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