The Collected Papers of Henry Bradley

Welsh-English code-switching and the Matrix Language Frame model

“…Parry- Williams (1923:11) records examples of what he calls ''loan-words'' found in written (twelfthcentury) Welsh texts from the Old English period as well as from the ''Middle-and-New English'' period following this. Sweet (1884) is possibly the first study which records extended examples of spoken (as opposed to literary) Welsh including ''words taken directly from English'' (Sweet, 1884in Wyld, 1913. Again, Sweet does not distinguish between loans and switches.…”

“…Again, Sweet does not distinguish between loans and switches. (8) is an example of ''Spoken North Welsh'' from Sweet's own notes, in which he identifies English words with italics and provides his own translation: (8) bydd season brithylliaid yn dechreu oflaen season samon ''Is season trouts beginning before season salmon'' (Sweet, 1884in Wyld, 1913 No distinction is made here between English-origin loanwords like samon which are listed in the dictionary as dating from before the time when Sweet was writing, and words like season which are not listed at all and which would be considered switches following the dictionary criterion used in this study.…”

Production and perception of speaker-specific phonetic detail at word boundaries

“…identical phoneme strings that differ in the placement of word boundaries, e.g. grey train-great rain (Wyld, 1913;Jones, 1931;Lehiste, 1960;Hoard, 1966;Gårding, 1967;Umeda & Coker, 1975;Rietveld, 1980;Quené, 1992Quené, , 1993Cruttenden, 1994). If speakers differ in how they use allophonic detail at word boundaries, this speaker-specific detail could potentially be useful for segmenting and identifying words, and might therefore be learned as a listener becomes familiar with a speaker.…”