The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region

Global Middle Ages: Eastern Wisdom (Buddhistic) Teachings in Medieval European Literature. With a Focus on Barlaam and Josaphat

“…[19] Indeed, in economic turns, there is a growing body of data confirming that East and West met especially in the region of the Black Sea, where the markets brought together European and Asian merchants, irrespective of the many military and political conflicts which often threatened to disrupt their trade. [20] Even though we might not consider merchants necessarily as the best informed and educated intellectuals who would have approached eastern wisdom literature with the eye of a philologist or philosopher, they were those who traveled the farthest and by default developed considerable linguistic and cultural skills to cope well in the foreign worlds where they found their best markets. And all merchants need entertainment after the closing of the shops, so they can be regarded as some of the most likely conveyers of Asian literature, art works, or music to the West, and vice versa.…”

Altın Orda Hanlığı Zamanında Karadeniz’in Kafkasya Sahillerinde Cenovalı Tüccarlar, Kolonileri ve Ticari Yaşam

“…yüzyılda bir konsül atanmıştır. 18 Matrica, Coppa, Mapa ve Sevastapolis kentlerinin yanında Karadeniz'in Kafkasya sahilleri başka liman ve kasabaları ile de Cenevizlilere ev sahipliği yapıyordu. Bunlardan, Mapa'nın hemen güneyinde yer alan Ceneviz kaynaklarında Trinisse veya Chalolimen adları ile geçen (Osmanlı kaynaklarında Sucukkale, şimdiki ismi Novorissiysk) de görece önemli kolonilerden birisiydi ve buranın emtiası da balıktı.…”

Paleoecological data complete historical and archaeological archives: Human–environment nexus at the fluvio maritime city port of Chilia (Licostomo; Northern Danube delta) since the 14th century

“…Byzantine possession since the ninth century A.D. (Diaconu, 1994;Florescu & Ciobanu, 1972;Iliescu, 1972), occupied by the Tatars during the 13th century A.D. (Deletant, 1984;Uzelac, 2019), the Danube's mouths also attracted the Genoese merchants after 1261 when they obtained trading rights in the Black Sea (Balard, 2010;Nicole, 1972;Spinei, 1982). Through Vicina and Chilia-Likostomion, the Genoese merchants exported important quantities of grain, honey, and wax brought from south eastern Europe for Western Asia and the rest of the Mediterranean world (Balard, 1980;Brătianu, 1935;Dumitrașcu, 2021;Iliescu, 1977;Khvalkov, 2018;Manolescu, 1990;Papacostea, 1978;Pistarino, 1971;Sapozhnikov, 2021). Their commercial activity in this area was frequently affected by the pressure of the steppe as well as of the local nations (i.e., Tatars, Moldavians, Walachians, Bulgarians) (Giurescu, 1997;Spinei, 1982) until the moment when the Danube delta was finally incorporated into the Ottoman Empire (Gemil, 2009;Inalcik, 2000;Popescu, 2008).…”

“…The current state of the art describing the history of the Danube Delta during the Middle Ages still lacks agreement on the exact location of the former Genoese settlement of Chilia and Licostomo (Andreescu, 1999;Diaconu, 1986;Giurescu, 1997;Iliescu, 1972;Iorga, 1900;Madgearu, 2015;Rădvan, 2011;Șlapac, 2002). Without a clear location, it is impossible to reconstruct the economic and political history of the settlement (Giurescu, 1965(Giurescu, , 1997Khvalkov, 2018). Possibly, the Chilia loess plain (CP) (a loess island surrounded by the Danube's waters), located south of the Chilia distributary (Figure 1a,c), and the city of Old Chilia in particular, were often considered to be the location of the Byzantine and Genoese fortress of Chilia/Licostomo.…”