The combination of computed tomography‐derived muscle mass and muscle density and relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and survival in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancer

Abstract

Background Sarcopenia has been defined as a loss of muscle mass and function. CT-derived muscle measurements, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and density (SMD), taken together may provide an objective measure of sarcopenia. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between CT-derived sarcopenia (low SMI and SMD), clinicopathological characteristics, systemic inflammation and survival in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent resections for colorectal cancer (TNM I-III) at our institution, between April 2008 and 2018, were identified from a prospectively maintained database. CT-derived muscle mass (SMI) and density (SMD) measurements were combined to form the CT-Sarcopenia score (CT-SS). Thresholds for low SMI and SMD reported by Martin and co-workers and Caan/Xiao and co-workers were combined to form two iterations of the CT-SS. Patients were categorized as normal/high SMI (irrespective of SMD) = 0, low SMI and normal/high SMD = 1 and low SMI and low SMD = 2. The Pearson Chi square test was used to examine the associations between categorical variables and the Chi square test for linear trend was used for ordered variables with multiple categories. Survival data were analysed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Results One thousand and two patients met the study inclusion criteria. Fifty-five per cent (n = 554) of patients were male and 66% (n = 657) were aged 65 years or older. Twenty-four per cent (n = 240) of patients had TNM stage I disease, 40% (n = 404) stage II and 36% (n = 358) stage III. Eighteen per cent (n = 174) of patients were at risk of malnutrition. Forty-eight per cent (n = 479) of patients had an NLR ≥ 3 and 27% (n = 271) had an mGPS ≥ 1. Similar numbers of patients defined as CT-SS 0, 1 and 2 irrespective of thresholds applied (49%/12%/39% vs. 43%/19%/38%, respectively). Eight hundred and thirty four (n = 834) patients who underwent surgical resection for non-metastatic colorectal cancer with curative intent were alive at 3 years. On univariate analysis, both the CT-SS (Martin/Martin) and CT-SS (Caan/Xaio) were significantly associated with age (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), ASA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), MUST (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively), mGPS (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), NLR (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), and overall survival (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). CT-SS (Caan/Xaio) was significantly associated with TNM stage (P < 0.05), but not CT-SS (Martin/Martin, P = 0.221). Conclusions The objective CT-SS was significantly associated with older age, co-morbidity, nutritional risk, systemic inflammation and poorer survival, irrespective of thresholds used. However, the relationship between CT-SS and TNM stage was inconsistent and threshold dependent.

The relationship between computed tomography‐derived sarcopenia, cardiopulmonary exercise testing performance, systemic inflammation, and survival in good performance status patients with oesophago‐gastric cancer undergoing neoadjuvant treatment

“…The present study also highlights the need for population-specific thresholds for CPET, specifically in malnourished, inflamed, and de-conditioned patients with cancer. 29 Lastly, although the CT-SS has been shown to be prognostic in the present study and across other cancer subtypes, 8 the use of CT-derived body composition is currently limited to research purposes. This is in part due to the training requirements and time-consuming nature of scan analysis.…”

“…Similar to ECOG-PS, this objective host assessment may be considered to capture the nutritional and functional reserve of the cancer patient. 8 However, although CT-derived muscle measurements have been shown to have prognostic value in OG cancer, 9,10 whether the CT-SS score can stratify survival in patients with OG cancer is not known, specifically, in patients with good performance status (ECOG-PS 0/1). Furthermore, it has yet to be examined whether the CT-derived sarcopenia has complimentary prognostic value to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performance or systemic inflammation, shown to be prognostic factors in patients with OG cancer.…”

“…Computed tomography (CT)‐derived muscle measurements—skeletal muscle index (SMI) and density (SMD)—have recently been combined to form the CT‐derived sarcopenia score (CT‐SS). Similar to ECOG‐PS, this objective host assessment may be considered to capture the nutritional and functional reserve of the cancer patient 8 . However, although CT‐derived muscle measurements have been shown to have prognostic value in OG cancer, 9,10 whether the CT‐SS score can stratify survival in patients with OG cancer is not known, specifically, in patients with good performance status (ECOG‐PS 0/1).…”

Are CT-Derived Muscle Measurements Prognostic, Independ-ent of Systemic Inflammation, in Good Performance Status Pa-tients with Advanced Cancer?

“…SMI and SMD measurements were combined to form the CT-Sarcopenia score (CT-SS), shown to have complementary prognostic value for survival in patients with cancer [ 15 , 16 ]. Patients were categorized as normal/high SMI and normal/high SMD = CT-SS 0, low SMI and normal/high SMD = CT-SS 1, and low SMI and low SMD = CT-SS 2, as previously described [ 16 ].…”

The relationship between the modified frailty index score (mFI-5), malnutrition, body composition, systemic inflammation and short-term clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer

“…Pre-operative haematological and biochemical results were identified from medical records and prospectively recorded. Blood samples were either obtained at preoperative assessment, within 30 days of surgery, for elective patients or on admission for patients undergoing emergency surgery, as previously described [28]. An autoanalyzer was used to measure serum CRP (mg/L) and albumin (g/L) concentrations (Architect; Abbot Diagnostics, Maidenhead, UK).…”