The combined-continuum-and-discrete-model (CCDM) for simulation of liquid-particle flows

Hydrodynamic analysis of a liquid-solid fluidized bed via CFD-DEM simulations, stability analysis, and tomography

“…The inclusion of interaction forces in CFD-DEM simulations has been shown to affect the hydrodynamic behavior of LSFBs (Malone et al, 2006). Among the interaction forces between the particles and the fluid, the drag force is considered to be the main interaction force, and is the driving force for fluidization (Deen et al, 2007).…”

“…A summary of the drag models employed in CFD-DEM simulations of LSFB found in literature is presented in Table 1. Malone et al (2006) showed that LSFB simulations with only drag force resembled gas-solid fluidization, and the addition of other interaction forces including the pressure gradient, virtual mass, and Magnus lift forces changed the bed behavior to visually resemble liquid-solid fluidization. However, their findings were not supported experimentally.…”

“…Nonetheless, the importance of virtual mass force in LSFB processes was discussed in great detail by Ghatage et al (2014), and was shown to drastically affect LSFB stability, especially in the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous flow regimes. Malone et al (2006Malone et al ( , 2007Malone et al ( , 2008 included the Magnus lift force in their CFD-DEM simulations of a LSFB, however, Blais & Bertrand (2015) comprehensively argued that Magnus force can be neglected in liquid-solid systems as particle rotation is hindered to a great degree by the surrounding liquid. No study has been conducted to date in CFD-DEM simulations of LSFBs that included Saffman lift force.…”

Experimental Investigation and CFD Simulation of Top Spray Fluidized Bed Coating System

“…In Eqs. (27)- (28) The jet radius produced by the pneumatic nozzle, r noz (h) , is defined as the radius where the radial gas velocity v h r at rd , ,� ( )…”

“…Encompassing more details and models for discrete element problems, DEM is seen to be more efficient in complicated simulations [26]. However, CCDM is a new technique that can simulate micro-scale behavior of fluid-particle systems [27].…”