The combined effects of salinity and ammonia on the growth behavior, stress‐related markers, and hepato‐renal function of common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>)

Dawood, Mahmoud A.O.; Sewilam, Hani

doi:10.1002/jez.2654

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Cortisol and glucose levels serve as common indicators of stress in fish [ 75 , 76 ]. An increase in cortisol and ammonia levels has been documented in previous research in response to individual exposure to ammonia stress [ 12 , 77 , 78 ] or Shewanella infection [ 33 ]. By examining cortisol and glucose levels; we can better understand the interplay between stress response, Shewanella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Implications of ammonia stress for the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in Oreochromis niloticus: effects on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histopathological parameters

Reda,

El-Murr,

Abdel-Basset

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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Environmental stressors (such as ammonia) in aquaculture could increase the risk of pathogenicity, posing a more severe threat to farmed fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ammonia stress on the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in Oreochromis niloticus. First, a 96-hour static test was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) of unionized ammonia to Nile tilapia. After 96 h of exposure, the Un-ionized ammonia (UIA) LC50 was estimated to be 4.26 mg/L. Second, an experiment was conducted to test the effect of unionized ammonia stress on the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in O. niloticus for 30 days. A study involved 180 fish divided into six groups, with the first group serving as a control. The second group (AMN1/10) and the third group (AMN1/20) were not challenged and were exposed to 1/10 (0.42 mg/L) and 1/20 (0.21 mg/L) of the 96-hour LC50 of UIA, respectively. Then 0.2 mL (0.14 × 105) of Shewanella spp. was intraperitoneally injected into the fourth (SH), fifth (SH + AMN1/10), and sixth (SH + AMN1/20) groups, which were subjected to 0, 1/10 (0.42 mg/L), and 1/20 (0.21 mg/L) of the 96-hour LC50 of UIA, respectively. The survival rate, hematological indices, immunological parameters, and antioxidant activity of the fish significantly decreased when they were exposed to ammonia and Shewanella infection separately or together. Histopathological changes were also observed in the kidney and liver. Furthermore, both individual and combined exposures significantly altered renal and hepatic function, with notable increases in glucose and cortisol levels, as well as in the expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes (TNF-α and IL-1ß). However, the detrimental effects of co-exposure to ammonia stress and Shewanella infection were greater than those of separate exposures. As a result, we may say that increased ammonia concentrations enhance the infection of Shewanella spp. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of Shewanella infection in Nile tilapia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Implications of ammonia stress for the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in Oreochromis niloticus: effects on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histopathological parameters

Reda,

El-Murr,

Abdel-Basset

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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“…It has been reported that the decreasing salinity level at 20 °C can increase the ionization of NH 3 − by 9% (Khoo et al 1977 ; Kır et al 2019 ; Sinha et al 2015 ). Hence, the ammonia effects are more toxic in the case of low salinity levels, which has been confirmed in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) (Dawood and Sewilam 2023 ), European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) (Kır et al 2019 ), and Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) (Long et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Dawood,

Gewaily,

Sewilam

2023

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Growing Nile tilapia in brackish water showed promising results, but the possibility of ammonia exposure can interrupt health status and productivity. Herein, the study tested the combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia. Fish were assigned to eight groups where fish were reared in saline water (5, 10, and 15 ppt) with continuous or intermittent (every 3 days) total ammonia (TAN) exposure (5 mg TAN/L) (2 × 4 factorial design). After 30 days, the water salinity, TAN, and their interaction were markedly (P < 0.05), affecting the growth performance (final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) and survival rate of Nile tilapia. The growth performance and survival rate were markedly lower in tilapia grown in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure than in the remaining groups. The results showed that fish exposed to higher salinity levels (10 and 15 ppt) and continuous TAN exposure had a more robust antioxidative response, as evidenced by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the homogenates of the gills, intestines, and livers. The gills were notably affected, with congestion of primary filaments blood vessels and degeneration or shedding of secondary filaments epithelium, especially at salinity levels of 10 and 15 ppt. Additionally, the intestines displayed hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration of intestinal mucosa at 5–10 ppt salinity, degeneration and sloughing of the intestinal epithelium at 15 ppt saline water, and increased goblet cell number at salinity of 10 ppt. The study found that continuous TAN exposure had a more significant impact on the fish, especially at higher salinity levels. Water salinity, TAN, and their interaction significantly affected all measured blood bio-indicators (total, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, glucose, and cortisol levels). The phagocytic activity and index were markedly lowered in fish reared in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure, while the lysozyme activity was decreased in fish grown in 5, 10, and 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure. In conclusion, Nile tilapia showed the possibility of growth with normal health status in brackish water (5–10 ppt); however, continuous TAN exposure can impair the productivity of tilapia, especially with high salinity (15 ppt).

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“…African catfish showed optimal FCR and growth rates when reared in FW and signs of increased energy allocation for maintaining normal function and metabolism, such as elevation of plasma cortisol and oxidative stress, were seen with increasing salinity 115 . Grass carp and common carp grew fastest with the lowest FCR at 0 and 2‰, compared with slightly higher salinities 91,264 . Tambaqui, another stenohaline FW species, grew fastest at 0‰ with no difference in FCR observed between 0 and 10‰, 118 while the Nile tilapia, naturally occurring in FW and tolerant of BW, grew the fastest between 0 and 8‰, with optimal FCR at 8‰ at 32°C 265 .…”

Section: Implications For Productionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…115 Grass carp and common carp grew fastest with the lowest FCR at 0 and 2‰, compared with slightly higher salinities. 91,264 Tambaqui, another stenohaline FW species, grew fastest at 0‰ with no difference in FCR observed between 0 and 10‰, 118 while the Nile tilapia, naturally occurring in FW and tolerant of BW, grew the fastest between 0 and 8‰, with optimal FCR at 8‰ at 32 C. 265 Compared with FW fish, euryhaline species generally exhibit optimal growth rates at intermediate salinities. Goldlined seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) showed the highest growth rate and protein efficiency ratios at 15‰ relative to other salinities.…”

Section: Growth and Feed Utilisationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Salinity tolerance of fishes: Experimental approaches and implications for aquaculture production

Seale,

Cao,

Chang

et al. 2024

Reviews in Aquaculture

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The life history, distribution and diversity of fishes are largely influenced by environmental salinity. Changes in salinity affect a range of physiological processes including metabolism, nutrition, reproduction and growth. Therefore, fish can be conditioned to environmental parameters most suitable for production, where distinct traits are optimised through species‐specific manipulation of salinities. The primary purpose of this review is to summarise the existing literature on the salinity tolerance of aquacultured fish. The various experimental approaches for determining salinity tolerance are compared, along with summarised information for key species employed in aquaculture, including their native distributions, life history stage and optimal salinity for survival and growth. The implications for production were assessed by considering the effects of salinity on growth, reproduction, management, disease mitigation and marketability.

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The combined effects of salinity and ammonia on the growth behavior, stress‐related markers, and hepato‐renal function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Cited by 7 publications

References 50 publications

Implications of ammonia stress for the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in Oreochromis niloticus: effects on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histopathological parameters

Implications of ammonia stress for the pathogenicity of Shewanella spp. in Oreochromis niloticus: effects on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histopathological parameters

Combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Salinity tolerance of fishes: Experimental approaches and implications for aquaculture production

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