“…Externally bonded fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been shown to be an effective strengthening method for existing engineering structures due to its excellent tensile strength, light weight, corrosion resistance, and easy tailoring [ 1 , 2 ]. The performance of this method depends on adequate bond strength between the FRP and the concrete, which ensures the stress transmission between and coordination of FRP and concrete [ 3 ]. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted on the bond mechanism of the FRP-to-concrete interface, including experimental studies [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], theoretical analysis [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], and finite-element simulations [ 12 , 13 ].…”