The combined role of serotonin and interleukin-6 as biomarker for autism

Yang, Chang-Jiang; Liu, C.-L.; Sang, Biao; Zhu, Xiaomei; Du, Yanqiu

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.011

Cited by 68 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…We also failed to replicate the recent report of a correlation between whole blood 5-HT levels and IL-6 levels (Yang et al 2015), with IL-6 similar to other reports (Ashwood et al 2011; Masi et al 2015). Finally, we did not observe the expected association between FC and minimally verbal status in this population, likely because our population only included six non-verbal children.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

“…Based upon the enteric 5-HT system’s impact on gut motility (Gershon 2013; Li et al 2011), we hypothesized that children with hyperserotonemia have reduced motility and resulting functional constipation. We also explored potential association with behavioral symptoms based upon previous, inconsistent findings (Kolevzon et al 2010; McBride et al 1998; Mulder et al 2004; Sacco et al 2010), as well as with IL-6 levels following a recent report of correlation (Yang et al 2015). Finally, we examined non-verbal status as a potential confounder based upon its previous association with functional constipation in ASD (Gorrindo et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brief Report: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Marler

Ferguson

Lee

et al. 2015

J Autism Dev Disord

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Elevated whole blood serotonin levels are observed in more than 25 % of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Co-occurring gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are also common in ASD but have not previously been examined in relationship with hyperserotonemia, despite the synthesis of serotonin in the gut. In 82 children and adolescents with ASD, we observed a correlation between a quantitative measure of lower GI symptoms and whole blood serotonin levels. No significant association was seen between functional constipation diagnosis and serotonin levels in the hyperserotonemia range, suggesting that this correlation is not driven by a single subgroup. More specific assessment of gut function, including the microbiome, will be necessary to evaluate the contribution of gut physiology to serotonin levels in ASD.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brief Report: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Marler

Ferguson

Lee

et al. 2015

J Autism Dev Disord

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“…The lack of a biochemical association between low levels of serotonin in platelet-free plasma and the severity of autism assumed that platelet-related hyperserotonemia has an important role in the pathogenicity of this disorder 22,26-28. Additionally, recent studies conduct on a serum serotonin in autistic patients showed an increase in the level of serum serotonin in comparison with control which are in agreement with results obtained in this study 28,29. The levels of serotonin in autistic children examined in the current study were non-significantly increased in mildly autistic patients, significantly increased in moderately autistic patients and significantly increased in severely autistic patients compared with the controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Serotonin and serotonin transporter levels in autistic children

Abdulamir

Abdul‐Rasheed

Abdulghani

2018

SMJ

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ObjectivesTo assess the possible correlation between serotonin and serotonin transporter (SERT) with the autism severity and investigate the association between these parameters in autistic children to assess their possible role for diagnosis of autism severity.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was carried out in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq while the samples were taken from 60 male autistic children recruited to the Department of Pediatrics at Al-Sader Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq between November 2014 amd April 2015. Levels of serotonin and serotonin transporters (SERT) were determined in 60 male autistic Iraqi patients classified into mild, moderate and severe (20 for each). These levels were compared with those of 26 healthy control children.ResultsLevels of serotonin and SERT were significantly increased in autistic children than that of gender and age-matched controls. Serotonin levels were 80.63± 21.83 ng/ml in mild, 100.39±23.07 ng/ml moderate, and 188.7±31.72 ng/ml severe autistic patients. Serotonin transporter levels were 10.13±4.51 ng/ml in mild, 13.15±4.71 ng/ml moderate, and 16.32±6.7 ng/ml in severe autistic patients. The increase of both serotonin and SERT levels were associated with severity of autism. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis can be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.ConclusionsHigh serotonin and SERT levels may indicate that these biomarkers have a role in the autism pathogenesis and support the possibility of using serotonin and SERT to diagnose autism severity.

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“…Over the past few decades, studies on animal models and humans have shown evidence of alterations in central and peripheral immune system functioning in ASD, including stimulation of immune cells, generation of autoantibodies, cytokine/chemokine imbalance, and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier [2,3,8,15,[21][22][23][24][25][26]. Interestingly, many studies have also demonstrated a correlation between ASD status and cytokine levels and secretion [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46], levels of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) [47], B lymphocyte antigen D8/17 expression [48], serum antineuronal antibodies [49][50][51], anti-ganglioside M1 antibodies [52], and maternal antibody status [51,53]. These data support the hypothesis that there is a subgroup of ASD individuals that has some form of immune system dysregulation, and that, at least in part, this dysregulation may contribute to the autistic phenotype [2,3,8,15,[21][22]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Potential Target for Therapy

Marchezan

Santos

Deckmann

et al. 2018

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with an unknown etiology and currently few effective therapies. Immune system alterations have being demonstrated in ASD, both in humans and via animal models; immune imbalance thus arises as a possible pathway for drug intervention. In this review, the studies were classified into 2 major groups: (1) clinical research whose authors classify therapies with primary anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions, making use of: sulforaphane, celecoxib, lenalidomide, pentoxifylline, spironolactone, flavonoid luteolin, corticosteroids, oral immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin, cell therapy, dialyzable lymphocyte extracts, minocycline, and pioglitazone; and (2) other ASD therapies already used or currently under study whose initial characteristics were neither anti-inflammatory nor immunomodulatory initially, but displayed a capacity for immunomodulation throughout the treatment: risperidone, vitamin D, omega-3, Ginkgo biloba, L-carnosine, N-acetylcysteine, and microbiome restoration. These studies used various data acquisition methodologies. Questions arose such the need for randomized and placebo-controlled studies with greater numbers of participants as well as the use of biomarkers to refine the treatment of autistic subjects.

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The combined role of serotonin and interleukin-6 as biomarker for autism

Cited by 68 publications

References 51 publications

Brief Report: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Brief Report: Whole Blood Serotonin Levels and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Serotonin and serotonin transporter levels in autistic children

Immunological Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Potential Target for Therapy

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