The Combined Treatment with Ketogenic Diet and Metformin Slows Tumor Growth in Two Mouse Models of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Abstract

BACKGROUND Many tumors contain hypoxic microenvironments caused by inefficient tumor vascularization. Hypoxic tumors have been shown to resist conventional cancer therapies. Hypoxic cancer cells rely on glucose to meet their energetic and anabolic needs to fuel uncontrolled proliferation and metastasis. This glucose dependency is linked to a metabolic shift in response to hypoxic conditions. METHODS To leverage the glucose dependency of hypoxic tumor cells, we assessed the effects of a controlled reduction in systemic glucose by combining dietary carbohydrate restriction, using a ketogenic diet, with gluconeogenesis inhibition, using metformin, on two mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). RESULTS We confirmed that MET − 1 breast cancer cells require abnormally high glucose concentrations to survive in a hypoxic environment in vitro. Then, we showed that, compared to a ketogenic diet or metformin alone, animals treated with the combination regimen showed significantly lower tumor burden, higher tumor latency and slower tumor growth. As a result, lowering systemic glucose by this combined dietary and pharmacologic approach improved overall survival in our mouse model by 31 days, which is approximately equivalent to 3 human years. CONCLUSION This is the first preclinical study to demonstrate that reducing systemic glucose by combining a ketogenic diet and metformin significantly inhibits tumor proliferation and increases overall survival. Our findings suggest a possible treatment for a broad range of hypoxic and glycolytic tumor types, one that can also augment existing treatment options to improve patient outcomes.

Metformin: From Diabetes to Cancer—Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

“…Combined treatment with a ketogenic diet and metformin in mouse models of TNBC shows significantly reduced tumor burden, increased tumor latency and slower tumor growth. This synergistic approach is emerging as a promising avenue for potentially prolonging survival [119].…”

Metformin: From Diabetes to Cancer—Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

“…Combined treatment with a ketogenic diet and metformin in mouse models of TNBC shows significantly reduced tumor burden, increased tumor latency and slower tumor growth. This synergistic approach is emerging as a promising avenue for potentially prolonging survival [135].…”

“…In vivo [135] Local antitumor activity by reduction in M2-like macrophages, M-MDSCs, and Tregs Cancer In vivo [138] Attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity Cancer In vivo [139] Suppression of colorectal aberrant crypt foci and intestinal polyps development, as well as liver metastasis by activating AMPK…”