The combustion of iron in high-pressure oxygen

Steinberg, Ted; Mulholland, G. P.; Wilson, DB; Benz, Frank J.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(92)90030-s

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A lot of experiments were also devoted to the regression rate of the melting interface (RRMI) definition and finding the limiting mechanisms in a particular configuration of a metal rod and the environment condi tions [3][4][5][6][7][8]. But it is more interesting to understand the mecha nism of combustion, answer questions exactly how it proceeds and what are the parameters affecting it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of iron rods combustion in oxygen with the drop detachment

Shabunja¹,

Martynenko²,

Ignatenko³

2013

Energetika

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The present article is a part of the research program to study the combustion of steel in oxygen at high pressure. A fundamental understanding of iron and steel combustion in oxygen is important to the selection and specification of safe materials for oxygen production, storage and transport technologies.In the article a standard upward-burning ignition model was considered for cylindrical iron rods in oxygen with non-flowing test conditions. A combustion model with the drops separation to investigate influence of different burning factors on the combustion process was presented. The model results were compared with the NASA experiments to clarify the values that were introduced parametrically. The present model allows to calculate and visualize such combustion parameters as burning velocities, the period of droplet detachment, temperatures and stoichiometric compositions of melt droplets, etc. The Wolfram Mathematica 9.0 program was used for simulation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of iron rods combustion in oxygen with the drop detachment

Shabunja¹,

Martynenko²,

Ignatenko³

2013

Energetika

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“…Steinberg et al [31] as well as Dreizin [5] observed similar outgassing of the melt while cooling, and they concluded that the oxide melt must contain ''excess oxygen'' compared to the oxygen required to form magnetite.…”

Section: Composition Of the Meltmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Their suggestion is supported by the commonly admitted iron-oxygen phase diagram under atmospheric pressure [15, p. 109], stating the existence of two immiscible liquid phases L 1 (iron containing up to 0.2 % oxygen at 1810 K and up to 0,85 % at 2223 K [3]) and L 2 (iron oxide with oxygen content from 22.6 to more than 28 % at 1873 K [24]). Steinberg et al also showed [30,31], using appropriate pressure measurements in a pressure vessel where combustion of pure iron rods was taking place, that the liquid oxide phase contained an 'excess' of oxygen compared to stoechiometric proportion required to form the highest stable solid iron oxide (hematite Fe 2 O 3 ) [31]. This leads them to infer that the rate-limiting mechanism cannot be the incorporation of oxygen as previously proposed by Hirano et al [12], but that the reaction at the liquid iron-liquid iron oxide interface is.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…In later works, Steinberg et al [30,31] quenched burning pure iron rods in water and observed that the resolidified ball could be divided in two distinct parts: one composed of unreacted iron and another composed of iron oxide. They therefore suggested that the molten material may be composed of an unreacted liquid iron phase in contact with solid iron, covered by a liquid iron oxide phase in contact with gaseous oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Liquid phase combustion of iron in an oxygen atmosphere

2015

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In this article, we report an investigation of laser-initiated ignition of pure iron rods, using optical pyrometry, video observations, and analysis of metallographic cross section of quenched burning liquid on copper plates. When ignition occurs, caused by the melting of metal, the combustion takes place in the liquid. Two distinct superposed phases (L1 and L2) are identified in the liquid, according to the known phase diagram of the iron oxide system. Our observations show that the L1 and L2 phases can be either distinct and immiscible or mixing together. The temperature of the transition at which the mixing occurs is around 2350 K. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the mixing occurring at high temperature: the spontaneous emulsification resulting from a strong decrease of the interfacial tension between L1 and L2 and the reduction of the miscibility gap between them at high temperature. Based on the experimental data of the evolution of the temperature and the video observation of the melt for different ignition conditions, we provide a complete description of the combustion process of iron induced by laser. Eventually, an extrapolation of the ironoxygen phase diagram, to temperatures higher than 2000 K, is proposed.

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“…† Benz et al [16] and Steinberg et al [17] ‡ Burn ratio is the standard enthalpy of combustion forming the indicated oxide divided by the total enthalpy to vaporize the metal at its boiling temperature plus the specific enthalpy of oxygen. § This is the temperature at which the fugacity of oxygen is 1 atm for the decomposition reaction 2CuO (Cr) ϭ Cu 2 O(Cr) ϩ 1/2O 2 .…”

Section: Model Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiphase oxidation of metals

Steinberg

Sircar

Wilson

et al. 1997

Metall Mater Trans B

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The burning of metals in enriched oxygen atmospheres includes multiple phases and, therefore, satisfies the definition of being a heterogeneous system. For a reaction to be considered heterogeneous, however, the site of the chemical transformation must be at an interface. While the Wagner theory of metal oxidation gives satisfactory mechanisms for this type of reaction for solid metals, no comparable theory is available for metal oxidation when the temperature is above the melting point of the metal. Similitude theory is applied to metal combustion under conditions of the NASA/ASTM flammability test system in order to identify rate-controlling regimes and conditions of heterogeneous reaction. Above 4 MPa, the observed burn rate for iron is proportional to the sample dimension, L, as L Ϫ0.7 . Analysis shows that the heat transfer rate between the reaction surface and the solid rod is proportional to L Ϫ0.5 and may, therefore, be the rate-determining process for the system. Fig. 1-NASA/ASTM promoted-combustion flammability tests.

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The combustion of iron in high-pressure oxygen

Cited by 36 publications

References 2 publications

Simulation of iron rods combustion in oxygen with the drop detachment

Simulation of iron rods combustion in oxygen with the drop detachment

Liquid phase combustion of iron in an oxygen atmosphere

Multiphase oxidation of metals

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