The Commercial Growth of Peru

Jones, Clarence F.

doi:10.2307/140348

Cited by 4 publications

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“…In 1921, E. C. Vivian indicated that «the cross-country roads are in general nothing but steep ill-made pack-mule trails» (Vivian 1921, p. 111). In 1927, Clarence Jones indicated that most towns largely depended on the traditional system of mules and llamas (Jones 1927, p. 24). Horses could also be used for transportation along the coast; however, in the extreme conditions of Peru's sandy and dry deserts, mules were probably more suitable than horses 22 .…”

Section: Railroads and Alternative Modes Of Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between latitudes 5 degrees and 35 degrees south no pass in the Andes lies at an elevation of less than 11,000 feet. The trade handicap because of this situation is enormous» (Jones 1927, p. 151). The Pacific Ocean constituted a faster and cheaper mode of transportation than mules and llamas, especially after the invention of the steam machine.…”

Section: Railroads and Alternative Modes Of Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru

Zegarra

2013

RHE / JILAEH

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This article estimates the social savings of the railroads in Peru in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The construction of railroads made it possible for Peruvians to substitute the traditional system of mules and llamas, although only for a few routes. Using primary and secondary sources, I estimate the social savings for 1890, 1904, 1914 and 1918. Social savings ranged between 0.3 per cent and 1.3 per cent of GDP in 1890, but then increased to a range between 3.6 per cent and 9.4 per cent of GDP in 1918. The social savings of railroads in Peru were comparable to those for the United States and Great Britain but were much lower than those for Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, largely because Peru had very few railroads.

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Section: Railroads and Alternative Modes Of Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Railroads and Alternative Modes Of Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru

Zegarra

2013

RHE / JILAEH

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“…In the 1920s, one century later, most coastal ports still lacked proper infrastructures. Jones (1927) indicated that out of the approximately thirty Peruvian seaports, only nine major ports handled exports and imports, and only four had fair harbors. Most ports only had «y open roadsteads unprotected from the winds and the ocean swell.…”

Section: Roads Railroads and Waterwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most ports only had «… open roadsteads unprotected from the winds and the ocean swell. As a result steamers usually anchor a mile or more off shore, and discharge or receive freight and passengers by means of lighters and launches, a slow and rather inefficient means of transfer» (Jones 1927, p. 24).…”

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Transport costs and economic growth in a backward economy: the case of Peru, 1820-1920

Zegarra

2011

RHE / JILAEH

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This paper analyses the system of transportation and discusses the effect of geography and transport infrastructure on transport costs and economic growth in Peru during the 19 th and early 20 th centuries. Using primary and secondary sources, I find that geography imposed difficult transport challenges on Peruvians during this period. There were no navigable rivers in coastal and highland regions, railroads were scarce and most roads were inadequate for wagons, sometimes even for horses and mules. As a result, transport costs were extremely high, which constituted a barrier to trade, reduced gains from specialisation and retarded economic growth. Therefore, high transport costs seem to be one important factor in explaining the low income levels of Peru in the early 20 th century in spite of the country's large endowments of natural resources. 361 RESUMENEste artículo analiza el sistema de transporte y discute el efecto de la geografía y de la infraestructura de transporte en los costos de trasporte y el crecimiento econó mico en el Perú durante el siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Usando fuentes primarias y secundarias, mostramos que la geografía impuso dificultades severas a los peruanos durante este período. El Perú no tuvo ríos navegables en la costa y en la sierra, hubo pocos ferrocarriles, y la mayor parte de los caminos eran inadecuados para carretas, incluso para caballos y mulas. Como resultado, los costos de transporte fueron extremadamente altos, lo que representó una barrera al comercio, redujo las ganancias por especializació n y afectó el crecimiento econó mico. Por lo tanto, los altos costos de transporte parecen ser uno de los factores que explican los bajos niveles de ingreso de los peruanos a principios del siglo XX a pesar de sus grandes dotaciones de recursos naturales.

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Clarence Fielden Jones 1893–1991

Hudson

1993

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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The Commercial Growth of Peru

Cited by 4 publications

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Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru

Transportation Costs and the Social Savings of Railroads in Latin America. The Case of Peru

Transport costs and economic growth in a backward economy: the case of Peru, 1820-1920

Clarence Fielden Jones 1893–1991

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