“… insufficiently developed laws, policies, and standards for OSC (Jiang et al, 2018a;Jiang et al, 2018b); uncertainty in engineering performance of OSC projects due to lack of technical standards (Minghini et al, 2016); the lack of design code could lead to more specific concerns in the design stage in OSC projects, such as the performance of connections between prefabricated structural components (Vaghei et al, 2016); the risk in design uncertainty of joints between prefabricated components could lead to further risks in construction quality (Liao, 2018); OSC design inadequately accommodating the local condition such as supply chain management (Zhang et al, 2014;Hong et al, 2018); insufficient knowledge or experience of industry professionals in the design, construction, or management of OSC projects (Luo et al, 2017); inadequate communication among OSC project teams such as lack of coordination between architects and contractor (Luo et al, 2015;Ismail et al, 2016;Pozin et al, 2017); Higher initial cost (Mao et al, 2013;Mao et al, 2016) Among these factors, Luo et al (2015) identified these five risks more critical, namely: "poor cooperation between multi-interface," "inappropriate design codes and standards for industrialized buildings," "lack of management practices and experiences," "enormous difficulty in achieving return on high initial investment," as well as "lack of a quality monitoring mechanism for the production process." All these aforementioned risk items in OSC projects were also recognized by Mao et al (2013), with other risks also identified, for instance, improper storage or site layout of prefabricated components, the regular need for mobile crane to lift large load components, durability of prefabricated components, damage of prefabricated elements during transportation, and lack of quality monitoring on prefabricated components.…”