The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates Including Man

Kappers, C. U. Ariëns; Huber, G. Carl; Crosby, Elizabeth C.

doi:10.1097/00005053-193612000-00041

Cited by 511 publications

(340 citation statements)

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“…We defined the hippocampal complex as including the closely interconnected hippocampal and parahippocampal areas (6). The evidence from both embryological and connectivity studies (8)(9)(10) suggests that these two structures as a whole are homologous to the mammalian hippocampal complex, although the homology ofthe different subdivisions is not known. The behavioral consequences of damage to the avian hippocampal complex show that it is broadly functionally equivalent to the mammalian hippocampus in playing an important role in certain memory tasks, including those involving spatial memory (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds.

Krebs

Sherry

Healy

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

572

440

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In a study of 52 individuals belonging to 35 species or subspecies of passerine birds it was shown that the volume of the hippocampal complex relative to brain and body size is significantly larger in species that store food than in species that do not. Retrieval of stored food relies on an accurate and long-lasting spatial memory, and hippocampal damage disrupts memory for storage sites. The results suggest, therefore, that food-storing species of passerines have an enlarged hippocampal complex as a specialization associated with the use of a specialized memory capacity. Other lifehistory variables were examined and found not to be correlated with hippocampal volume.Some species of birds store large numbers offood items, each in a separate place, and use an accurate, long-lasting spatial memory to retrieve their stores (1-5). We show here that the hippocampal complex (dorsomedial forebrain) (6) of foodstoring passerines is larger relative to body and brain size than that of nonstorers. Thus, across a range of species, a relationship has been found between the structure of a specific brain area outside sensory and motor areas and a specific behavior. METHODSWe measured the volume of the hippocampal complex and striatum of52 individuals belonging to 35 species or subspecies distributed among 9 passerine families [taxonomy in this paper follows that of Sibley et al. (7) based on DNADNA hybridization]. We defined the hippocampal complex as including the closely interconnected hippocampal and parahippocampal areas (6). The evidence from both embryological and connectivity studies (8-10) suggests that these two structures as a whole are homologous to the mammalian hippocampal complex, although the homology ofthe different subdivisions is not known. The behavioral consequences of damage to the avian hippocampal complex show that it is broadly functionally equivalent to the mammalian hippocampus in playing an important role in certain memory tasks, including those involving spatial memory (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). The avian hippocampal complex is a paired structure located adjacent to the midline of the dorsal telencephalon (19). It extends from the caudal limit of the striatum along approximately two-thirds of the caudal-rostral extent of the striatum. In coronal section it is bounded medially by the midline and ventrally by the lateral horns of the ventricle and by the septum (Fig. 1). The region defined as the hippocampus by Karten and Hodos (19) is a V-shaped structure of densely packed cells lying ventrally and medially (Fig. 1). In the parahippocampal area large and small neurons are sparsely and nonuniformly distributed. The lateral boundary of the parahippocampal area is characterized by a change in the size distribution of neurons. Medial to the boundary the distribution is bimodal with peaks at cell areas of about 20 pIm2 and 130-150 pum2, while lateral to the boundary the distribution is unimodal with a peak at about 20-30 ILm2 (Fig. 2): the boundary is often clearer in food-storers than i...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds.

Krebs

Sherry

Healy

et al. 1989

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

572

440

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“…These cells have been reported in reptiles (Kappers et al, 1936), rabbit, pig, hedgehog, gopher and sheep (Humphrey, 1950, and references therein), cow (Agduhr, 1922), and even human (Humphrey, 1944(Humphrey, , 1950Youngstrom, 1944). The attributes of RB-like cells in amniote vertebrates vary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Slow degeneration of zebrafish Rohon‐Beard neurons during programmed cell death

Reyes

Haendel

Grant

et al. 2003

Developmental Dynamics

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Rohon-Beard cells are large, mechanosensory neurons located in the dorsal spinal cord of anamniote vertebrates. In most species studied to date, these cells die during development. We followed labeled Rohon-Beard cells in living zebrafish embryos and found that they degenerate slowly, over many days. During degeneration, the soma shrinks and finally disappears, and the processes become beady in appearance and finally break apart, but they do not retract. Zebrafish Rohon-Beard cells apparently fragment their DNA, as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) labeling, before undergoing degenerative morphologic changes. We also followed the development of labeled dorsal root ganglion neurons, as they are developing at the same stages that Rohon-Beard cells are degenerating. We found that, although axons of both cell types extend into similar regions, Rohon-Beard cells degenerate normally in mutants lacking dorsal root ganglia, providing evidence that interactions between the two cell types are not responsible for Rohon-Beard cell degeneration. Developmental Dynamics 229:30 -41, 2004.

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“…The DVR, which is the large region of the lateral telencephalic wall that overlies the basal ganglia in turtles (and in other reptiles and in birds) and bulges into the lateral ventricle, was the subject of much misidentification earlier this century. Owing to its appearance as a nonlaminated structure lying beneath the pallial mantle of the telencephalon, the DVR was regarded as a portion of the basal ganglia that was uniquely hypertrophied in birds and reptiles (Arks-Kappers et al, 1936;Reiner et al, 1984a). With more precise modem neuroanatomical methods, however, it has become very clear that the DVR is not part of the basal ganglia.…”

Section: Description Of Turtle Telencephalonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter organization and connections of turtle cortex: implications for the evolution of mammalian isocortex

Reiner

1993

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

117

116

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Abstract-Telencephalic cortex in turtles is a simple three layered-structure. The dorsal most part of this structure is thought to resemble the reptilian forerunner of at least parts of mammalian isocortex. This dorsal part of turtle cortex contains several functionally distinct regions that show similarity in their connections and function to specific areas in mammalian isocortex. The types of neurons found in turtle dorsal cortex (as defined by their morphology and neurotransmitter content) also show great similarity to those observed in mammals, with the major exception that turtle cortex appears to lack the types of neurons found in granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. Similar results have also been observed in other living reptiles. Thus, one major step in the evolution of reptilian cortex into mammalian cortex must have been the addition of the types of neurons found in the granular and supragranular layers of mammalian isocortex. These observations for turtles also suggest that turtle cortex in particular and reptilian telencephalic cortex in general must differ functionally from mammalian isocortex with respect to those features associated with the laminar and columnar organization of isocortex. These issues are discussed in more detail below and in Reiner (1991).

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The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates Including Man

Cited by 511 publications

References 0 publications

Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds.

Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds.

Slow degeneration of zebrafish Rohon‐Beard neurons during programmed cell death

Neurotransmitter organization and connections of turtle cortex: implications for the evolution of mammalian isocortex

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