The Comparative Histology of Femoral Bones

Foote, J.

doi:10.1056/nejm191010201631604

“…Primary bone tissue in juveniles is already invaded by mainly irregularly shaped and obliquely oriented secondary osteons in the inner and middle part of the cortex. Our observations on lagomorph bone histology essentially agree with Foote's (1911a) and Enlow & Brown's (1958) Primates -Again, Enlow & Brown (1958) were the first to describe the bone tissue of extinct primates by sampling a mandible of the fossil Paleocene Plesiolestes and long bones of modern primates. The authors described primary bone tissue formed by lamellar bone.…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The long bones of Valenictus, a Pliocene walrus (Odobenidae), were described as being osteosclerotic (Deméré, 1994). Nakajima & Endo 2013 Euarchontoglires -Rodentia -Early contributions to rodent bone histology were made by Foote (1911a), Enlow & Brown (1958) as well as Singh, Tonna & Gandel (1974). More recent works are by Klevezal (1996) Thin sections of the femur of the dormouse Leithia sp.…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms (v0.1)"

Jordana¹

2015

0

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The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or wovenfibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on cynodont and mammalian bone microstructure as well as palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Extant marsupials display mainly parallel-fibred primary bone with radial and oblique but mainly longitudinal vascular canals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation and strong remodelling in the middle part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and a

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“…Schaffer also investigated Artiodactyla ( Sus scrofa, Capreolus ), Carnivora ( Ursus spelaeus ), Rodentia ( Arvicola ), as well as undetermined long and skull bones, all from the Pleistocene. Foote (1911a) and Foote (1911b) examined in a comprehensive study the femoral bone cortex of extant amphibians, birds, and mammals including marsupials, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivorans, ‘ungulates’, and primates. Nopcsa & Heidsieck (1934) studied reptile bones and the ribs of sirenians ( Halitherium ).…”

Section: Mammalian Bone Histology—work Before 1935mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms

Kolb

¹

,

Scheyer

²

,

Veitschegger

³

et al. 2015

PeerJ

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The interest in mammalian palaeohistology has increased dramatically in the last two decades. Starting in 1849 via descriptive approaches, it has been demonstrated that bone tissue and vascularisation types correlate with several biological variables such as ontogenetic stage, growth rate, and ecology. Mammalian bone displays a large variety of bone tissues and vascularisation patterns reaching from lamellar or parallel-fibred to fibrolamellar or woven-fibred bone, depending on taxon and individual age. Here we systematically review the knowledge and methods on cynodont and mammalian bone microstructure as well as palaeohistology and discuss potential future research fields and techniques. We present new data on the bone microstructure of two extant marsupial species and of several extinct continental and island placental mammals. Extant marsupials display mainly parallel-fibred primary bone with radial and oblique but mainly longitudinal vascular canals. Three juvenile specimens of the dwarf island hippopotamid Hippopotamus minor from the Late Pleistocene of Cyprus show reticular to plexiform fibrolamellar bone. The island murid Mikrotia magna from the Late Miocene of Gargano, Italy displays parallel-fibred primary bone with reticular vascularisation and strong remodelling in the middle part of the cortex. Leithia sp., the dormouse from the Pleistocene of Sicily, is characterised by a primary bone cortex consisting of lamellar bone and a high amount of compact coarse cancellous bone. The bone cortex of the fossil continental lagomorph Prolagus oeningensis and three fossil species of insular Prolagus displays mainly parallel-fibred primary bone and reticular, radial as well as longitudinal vascularisation. Typical for large mammals, secondary bone in the giant rhinocerotoid Paraceratherium sp. from the Late Oligocene of Turkey is represented by dense Haversian bone. The skeletochronological features of Sinomegaceros yabei, a large-sized deer from the Pleistocene of Japan closely related to Megaloceros, indicate a high growth rate. These examples and the synthesis of existing data show the potential of bone microstructure to reveal essential information on life history evolution. The bone tissue and the skeletochronological data of the sampled island species suggest the presence of various modes of bone histological modification and mammalian life history evolution on islands to depend on factors of island evolution such as island size, distance from mainland, climate, phylogeny, and time of evolution.

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“…This was later reinforced by Foote, who showed that the femur is particularly responsive to the functional demands of the animal, including the stresses and strains to which the bone is exposed and the position of the femur relative to the body (Foote, 1911). Major limb bones, such as the femur, support the weight of an individual's body and must also contend with more acute forces experienced during locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Blood flow for bone remodelling correlates with locomotion in living and extinct birds

Allan

¹

,

Cassey

²

,

Snelling

³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Nutrient arteries enter limb bones through discrete foramina on the shafts. They are required for bone remodelling in response to mechanical loading and dynamic forces imposed by locomotion. The cross-sectional area of the nutrient foramen of the femur represents an index of blood flow rate to the shaft and thus provides insight into the animal's level of activity. Morphometric data on femoral length, mass and foramen size from 100 extant bird species and eight extinct moa species were analysed allometrically and phylogenetically. The nutrient foramen blood flow index (Q i ) and femur mass (M f ) increase with body mass (M b ). At 1 kg body mass, cursorial species have approximately 2.1 times higher Q i and 1.9 times heavier M f than volant species. The scaling of Q i on M f is independent of the primary mode of locomotion, but the ratio Q i /M f decreases significantly in larger birds, although absolute Q i increases. The overall avian equation for Q i on M b is not significantly different from previous data from mammals, but when differences in blood pressure are accounted for, estimated blood flow to the femur is approximately 1.9 times higher in cursorial birds than in mammals, possibly in relation to bipedalism and quadrupedalism, respectively. Femoral bone blood flow in both endothermic groups is estimated to be 50-100 times higher than in ectothermic reptiles.

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The Comparative Histology of Femoral Bones

Cited by 5 publications

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Peer Review #1 of "Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms (v0.1)"

Peer Review #1 of "Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms (v0.1)"

Mammalian bone palaeohistology: a survey and new data with emphasis on island forms

Blood flow for bone remodelling correlates with locomotion in living and extinct birds

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