The comparative myology of the forelimb of the hippopotamus, pig and tapir

Campbell, Berry

doi:10.1002/aja.1000590203

Cited by 28 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The myology of the hippo forelimb was then compared with published accounts of other artiodactyls, including Sus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923;Campbell, 1935Campbell, , 1936Sisson, 1975a;Nickel et al, 1986), Potamochoerus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923), Babyrousa (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Macdonald et al, 1985;Kneepkens et al, 1989), Tayassu (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Pecari (Kajava, 1923;Campbell, 1935Campbell, , 1936Dalzell, 1970), domestic ruminants (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Getty, 1975;Nickel et al, 1986), Tragulus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923;Jouffroy et al, 1971), Hyemoschus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Dalzell, 1970;Jouffroy et al, 1971), Giraffa (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Cervus (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Odocoileus (Dalzell, 1970), Ovibos (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Cephalophus (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Antilocarpra (Dalzell, 1970), and Camelus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Smuts and Bezuidenhout, 1987). Myological differences between hippos and other artiodactyls were then compared with published accounts of perissodactyls, including Dicerorhinus (Beddard and Treves, 1889;Windle and Parsons, 1901;Jouffroy et al, 1971), Equus …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 42%

“…The results of the pygmy hippo dissections were compared with previous accounts of this species (Macalister, 1873;Campbell, 1935Campbell, , 1936Macdonald et al, 1985) and the common hippo (Cuvier and Laurillard, 1849;Gratiolet and Alix, 1867;Humphry, 1872;Kajava, 1923;Jouffroy et al, 1971;Macdonald et al, 1985). The myology of the hippo forelimb was then compared with published accounts of other artiodactyls, including Sus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923;Campbell, 1935Campbell, , 1936Sisson, 1975a;Nickel et al, 1986), Potamochoerus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923), Babyrousa (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Macdonald et al, 1985;Kneepkens et al, 1989), Tayassu (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Pecari (Kajava, 1923;Campbell, 1935Campbell, , 1936Dalzell, 1970), domestic ruminants (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Getty, 1975;Nickel et al, 1986), Tragulus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Kajava, 1923;Jouffroy et al, 1971), Hyemoschus (Windle and Parsons, 1901;Dalzell, 1970;Jouffroy et al, 1971), Giraffa (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Cervus (Windle and Parsons, 1901), Odocoileus …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…There are clearly two heads of origin (deep and superficial) but the exact origins are unclear due to necropsy damage in both cadavers. According to Campbell (1935Campbell ( , 1936, the deep head arises from the mastoid region (pars mastoidea) and is partially fleshy at its origin, whereas the superficial head originates primarily by means of an aponeurosis from the occipital crest (pars occipitalis). Although a clear intersectio clavicularis was not observed in this study, the deep and superficial heads clearly represent the pars mastoidea and pars occipitalis of m. cleidocephalicus.…”

Section: Extrinsic Muscles Of the Forelimbmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…rhomboidei may originate in the neck (Campbell, 1935(Campbell, , 1936this study) or from the occiput (Macalister, 1873). Similarly, Campbell (1935Campbell ( , 1936 describes m. trapezius originating from the C6 or C7 vertebral level, whereas this study and Macalister (1873) indicates that an occipital origin is present in some individuals. In fact, longer-necked artiodactyls tend to lose the occipital origin of m. trapezius; common hippos, ruminants, and camels lack an occipital origin.…”

Section: Range Of Variation In Choeropsismentioning

confidence: 48%

“…Campbell provided more in-depth myological descriptions in his dissertation (1935), parts of which were published later (1936,1945). Macalister (1873) and Campbell (1935) each dissected a single fetal or newborn specimen. The only other account of pygmy hippo myology is a brief report published by Macdonald et al (1985), based on their dissection of a 12-year-old male.…”

mentioning

confidence: 44%

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Forelimb myology of the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis)

Fisher

Scott

Naples

2007

The Anatomical Record

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Based on morphological analyses, hippos have traditionally been classified as Suiformes, along with pigs and peccaries. However, molecular data indicate hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa (see review in Uhen, 2007, this issue). This study analyzes soft tissue characters of the pygmy hippo forelimb to elucidate the functional anatomy and evolutionary relationships of hippos within Artiodactyla. Two specimens from the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. were dissected, revealing several adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. However, these adaptations differ functionally from most aquatic mammals as hippos walk along river or lake bottoms, rather than swim. Several findings highlight a robust mechanism for propelling the trunk forward through the water. For example, mm. pectoralis superficialis and profundus demonstrate broad sites of origin, while the long flexor tendons serve each of the digits, reflecting the fact that all toes are weight-bearing. Pygmy hippos also have eight mm. interossei and a well-developed m. lumbricalis IV. Retention of intrinsic adductors functions to prevent splaying of the toes, an advantageous arrangement in an animal walking on muddy substrates. Published descriptions indicate common hippos share all of these features. Hippo and ruminant forelimbs share several traits; however, hippos are unique among artiodactyls in retaining several primitive muscles (e.g., mm. palmaris longus and flexor digitorum brevis). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hippos diverged from other Artiodactyla early in the history of this group. Additional analyses of hindlimb and axial muscles may help determine whether this trajectory was closely allied to that of Cetacea. Anat Rec, 290:673-693, 2007. 2007 WileyLiss, Inc.Key words: pygmy hippopotamus; common hippopotamus; myology; forelimbThere are two extant species of hippopotami, the common hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the pygmy hippo (Choeropsis liberiensis). Based on morphological analyses, hippos have traditionally been classified as Suiformes, along with pigs and peccaries (Simpson, 1945). However, molecular studies indicate hippos and cetaceans are sister taxa (e.g., Irwin and Arnason, 1994;Gatesy et al., 1996;Nikaido et al., 1999). In addition, many molecular analyses support a close relationship between ruminants and the hippo and whale clade, further separating hippos from suids and tayassuids (e.g., Shimamura et al

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