The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Metacognitive Therapy on Depression, Suicide Ideation, and Masochistic Aggression in Individuals with Subclinical Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Abstract

Background and Purpose:The most common comorbid disorder with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is depression. Masochistic aggression and suicide are the main concerns about individuals with BDD who suffer from depression and have impaired function. Present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) on depression, suicide ideation, and masochistic aggression among individuals with subclinical symptoms of BDD. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group pretest-posttest design. The sample included 51 girls with subclinical symptoms of BDD who had been selected with purposive sampling from a public secondary school in Tehran in the academic year 2018-2019. After being evaluated and giving the informed consent, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the two experimental groups of CBT and MCT or waiting list. The participants completed the Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton, 2005), Beck Depression Inventory-II (Beck et al., 1996), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (Beck et al., 1979), and masochistic aggression subscale of Aggression Styles Inventory (Alavizadeh & et al., 2016) at the pre-test, post-test and 3 months follow-up stages. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA in SPSS-26. Results: Results showed that although CBT and MCT were effective in alleviating the symptoms of depression (p<0.01), suicide ideation (p<0.01) and masochistic aggression (P<0.05), CBT was more effective in decreasing depression (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between CBT and MCT in terms of their effect on suicide ideation and masochistic aggression (P<0.05). Conclusion:According to these findings, it can be concluded that CBT and MCT are effective in alleviating the mood-related symptoms in individuals with subclinical symptoms of BDD. Furthermore, the behavioral activation session can be the reason of the higher effectiveness of CBT.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Training and Acceptance and Commitment Training on High-Risk Behaviors in Self-Injurious Adolescents

“…The results showed that both CBT and ACT were effective in reducing high-risk behaviors in selfinjurious high school students. This finding is consistent with the prior results (Ahmadi & Valizadeh, 2021;As'hab et al, 2022;Babaee et al, 2022;Barnes et al, 2023;Entezari et al, 2021;Fitzsimmons-Craft et al, 2023;Hamidi et al, 2022;Jabraeili et al, 2014;Linehan, 1993;Nateghi & Sohrabi, 2017;Ofem, 2023;Rahimi et al, 2022;Rowland, 2010;Scheer et al, 2023;Spirito et al, 2011;Walser et al, 2015). Regarding this effectiveness, it can be said that ACT encourages clients to treat self-evaluations as mere thoughts and teaches individuals to correct negative self-assessments.…”

“…It also provided training on skills to control temptations and recognize tempting situations, understand their ability to control these situations, and remain hopeful for success, keeping them away from high-risk behaviors. Additionally, CBT has changed the self-perception of self-injurious students regarding their abilities and talents and the power E-ISSN: 2981-2526 they have to change matters, avoiding negative thoughts and suggestions, increasing their motivation to work and strive in various aspects of life, including education and work, and take firm steps towards achieving their goals with diligence and persistence (Entezari et al, 2021;Fitzsimmons-Craft et al, 2023).…”

“…CBT is also appropriate for those seeking short-term therapeutic options that do not necessarily require medication. One of the greatest advantages of CBT is helping patients develop adaptive skills useful both presently and in the future (Entezari et al, 2021;Fitzsimmons-Craft et al, 2023). Based on previous studies (Ahmadi & Valizadeh, 2021;As'hab et al, 2022;Babaee et al, 2022;Barnes et al, 2023;Entezari et al, 2021;Fitzsimmons-Craft et al, 2023;Hamidi et al, 2022;Hu et al, 2021;Jabraeili et al, 2014;Khandaghi Khameneh et al, 2023;Linehan, 1993;McEvoy et al, 2022;Nateghi & Sohrabi, 2017;Ofem, 2023;Rahimi et al, 2022;Roman et al, 2021;Rowland, 2010;Scheer et al, 2023;Spirito et al, 2011;Walser et al, 2015), it can be concluded that CBT and especially ACT, as new generations of psychological treatments, enhance psychological flexibility.…”

Structural Relationship of Metacognitive Beliefs, Stress, Attachment Styles with Anorexia Nervosa Mediated by Self-Image

“…The subscales of this test have acceptable validity ranging from 0.68 to 0.92. No standardization of this tool was found in Iran; therefore, in this research, the psychometric findings of this tool were also examined indirectly (Entezari et al, 2021). The internal consistency results of this questionnaire in the current study were 0.86; moreover, the two-week retest reliability coefficient for a sample of 50 participants was 0.83.…”

“…Furthermore, individuals with eating disorders may engage in restrictive eating and compulsory exercise as a means to achieve an ideal body shape or weight, which can further perpetuate negative self-concept and body dissatisfaction (Simic et al, 2021). Effective treatment for eating disorders often involves addressing the negative selfconcept and body image issues, along with other psychological and behavioral factors (Entezari et al, 2021).…”