“…Although university-industry relations (UIRs) are not new, their relevance in innovation, economic development, and business competitiveness has expanded recently (Kliewe, 2015;Sun & Turner, 2023). The intensification and rapid changes in the competitive landscape have resulted in a significant shift in the roles and behaviors of market players (Chaney, 2012;Toni & Mattia, 2022), which has been facilitated by factors such as globalization (Fyall et al, 2012;Weinstein, 2020) and more rapid technological development (Bryndin, 2020;Litvinenko, 2020).…”