The Complementarity of Education and Use of Productive Inputs Among Smallholder Farmers in Africa

Abstract

This study seeks to assess the complementarity of education and use of use of agricultural inputs-improved seeds, fertilizers, access to credit facilities), and the incremental effects of education on intermediate to longer-term economic outcomes (consumption expenditure and poverty) among smallholder farmers in four countries in SSA Africa (Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania). We apply a multinomial endogenous treatment model with education as our 'treatment' variable with four possible levels (no-schooling, primary, secondary, post-secondary). The empirical model jointly estimates treatment and selection effects and by this corrects for selection into one or the other education level. Using nationally representative LSMS panel data allows us to comprehensively assess the impact of education on the outcome variables. Overall results suggest that higher education (secondary and post-secondary level) significantly increases the use of improved seed varieties and fertilizers, access to credit services, and per capita consumption expenditure and consequently reduces household poverty. Specifically, findings suggests that post primary education (secondary and post-secondary levels) is by far the most important factor in use of productive inputs than mere introductory literacy and primary learning. These findings augment the conclusion that schooling have positive impacts for the farmers and their households' well-being. Our findings are of policy relevance to most SSA countries currently grappling with rising urbanization, high youth unemployment, and acute skills shortage.