The Complementary Role of the WTO in the Enhancement of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project

Abstract

The current rules on international tax do not function properly due to the gaps which allow for tax manipulation. Whereas most tax agreements largely contribute to the prevention of double taxation, they do not effectively approach double non-taxation matters arising from tax competition based on the agreements’ bilateral nature. In order to tackle this issue, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project was introduced. Developed under the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development framework, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project deals with tax avoidance practices that use mismatches and gaps in tax rules. Nevertheless, the success of this new soft law initiative requires a forum that can promote and enforce its recommendations. The structural nature of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has led to the consideration of the World Trade Organization to be this forum by many. However, the World Trade Organization covered agreements are drafted in a way that includes some of the tax competition matters but not others, including traditional tax havens. This paper aims to bridge the gaps in the area of the international tax regime. By examining the international trade and international tax regimes, it is shown that there is space for variations in the World Trade Organization broadly drafted agreements for such matters to find a resolution. It is argued that the World Trade Organization can play a complementary role in the enforcement of the new international tax rules.

A Climate Alliance through Transfer: Transfer Design in an Economic Conflict Model

“…For the case of international climate agreements, any international agent could start to declare their respective intention. For a large climate agreement and in order for such a transfer to be credibly offered, it is necessary to form and equip a corresponding organization for climate protection, such as the WTO for trade, which must be taken into account with the design of a global environmental governance [68,69] and currently represents a functioning model for international cooperation [70]. The conference of the parties may be the appropriate institution for this task.…”