The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Damsel Bug Alloeorhynchus bakeri (Hemiptera: Nabidae)

Abstract

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the damsel bug, Alloeorhynchus bakeri, has been completed and annotated in this study. It represents the first sequenced mitochondrial genome of heteropteran family Nabidae. The circular genome is 15, 851 bp in length with an A+T content of 73.5%, contains the typical 37 genes that are arranged in the same order as that of the putative ancestor of hexapods. Nucleotide composition and codon usage are similar to other known heteropteran mitochondrial genomes. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) use standard initiation codons (methionine and isoleucine), except COI, which started with TTG. Canonical TAA and TAG termination codons are found in eight protein-coding genes, the remaining five (COI, COII, COIII, ND5, ND1) have incomplete termination codons (T or TA). PCGs of two strands present opposite CG skew which is also reflected by the nucleotide composition and codon usage. All tRNAs have the typical clover-leaf structure, except the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm of tRNASer (AGN)which forms a simple loop as known in many other metazoa. Secondary structure models of the ribosomal RNA genes of A. bakeri are presented, similar to those proposed for other insect orders. There are six domains and 45 helices and three domains and 27 helices in the secondary structures of rrnL and rrnS, respectively. The major non-coding region (also called control region) between the small ribosomal subunit and the tRNAIle gene includes two special regions. The first region includes four 133 bp tandem repeat units plus a partial copy of the repeat (28 bp of the beginning), and the second region at the end of control region contains 4 potential stem-loop structures. Finally, PCGs sequences were used to perform a phylogenetic study. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses highly support Nabidae as the sister group to Anthocoridae and Miridae.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Stalk-Eyed Bug Chauliops fallax Scott, and the Monophyly of Malcidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

“…In some arthropods mt-genomes, the control region was reported to have one to four of these four different motifs: tandem repeats, poly-thymine (poly-T) sequence, a subregion of even higher AT richness, and a stem-loop structure [39]. The control region of C. fallax contained all these four motifs and could be divided into five parts (Figure 7A): (1) at the 5′-end of the control region is a 7 bp poly-C structure, which was also found in other insects [20], [25]; (2) a 8 bp poly-T stretch and a microsatellite-like region ((TA) 4 (GATATA) 2 ); (3) a 35 bp region heavily biased toward A+T (91.4%); (4) a 460 bp region contained four tandem repeats including three (I–III) 122 bp repeat units and a partial copy of the repeat (IV) 94 bp, which were identified by tandem repeats finder server [40]; (5) a potential stem-loop secondary structure was found at the end of control region, however, without ‘TATA’ sequence existed at the 5′ end and ‘G(A)nT’ at the 3′ end (Figure 7B). In the second region, the poly-T stretch may play a role in the control of transcriptional or may be the site of replication initiation [41].…”

“…In domain III, helices from H921 to H960 are highly conserved among Lygaeoidea. However, the most complicated portion of 12S rRNA located in the stem H1047 and the associated stems H1068, H1074 and H1113, possibly because its high AT bias and several non-canonical base pairs across many other insects [25]. Due to the evidence found for helix H1068 in insects [26], a six base-pair-long stem mostly comprising 5′-GAAUAU-3′ on one side and 5′-AUUUUC-3′ on the other.…”

Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) from China

“…mtDNA sequences have been widely used as genetic markers not only for studies of population or ecological genetics, but also for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses due to its maternal inheritance, rapid evolutionary rate, lack of recombination, and relatively conserved genome structures 11-15. Although Cestoda is a large animal class, to date the complete mt genomes of only 19 species have been sequenced and deposited in GenBank.…”

Damsel Bugs (Nabidae)

“…This represented the fi rst sequenced mitochondrial genome within the family Nabidae. Further, a study with additional species found that the relationship of three tribes from two subfamilies of Nabidae was well represented by the mitogenome data and was consistent with current phylogeny of the family Nabidae constructed mainly from morphological traits (Li et al 2012a ).…”