The complete mitochondrial genome of <i>Hermetia illucens</i> (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Qi, Yingju; Xu, Jing; Tian, Xiaoxuan; Bai, Youhuang; Xi-shu, GU

doi:10.1080/23802359.2017.1307708

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Based on our results, the mtDNA COI barcode is sufficiently informative to be a first step marker for any genetic characterization of BSF strains or populations. The available genomic studies on the BSF are still limited [40,41], but are expected to rapidly increase in near future, and are likely to yield additional markers. Finally, in order to unravel a more detailed dispersal history of the BSF, comprehensive population genetic analyses should be carried out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

et al. 2020

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Background: The black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Hermetia illucens) is renowned for its bioconversion ability of organic matter, and is the worldwide most widely used source of insect protein. Despite varying extensively in morphology, it is widely assumed that all black soldier flies belong to the same species, Hermetia illucens. We here screened about 600 field-collected and cultured flies from 39 countries and six biogeographic regions to test this assumption based on data for three genes (mitochondrial COI, nuclear ITS2 & 28S rDNA) and in order to gain insights into the phylogeography of the species. Results: Our study reveals a surprisingly high level of intraspecific genetic diversity for the mitochondrial barcoding gene COI (divergences up to 4.9%). This level of variability is often associated with the presence of multiple species, but tested nuclear markers (ITS2 and 28S rDNA) were invariant and fly strain hybridization experiments under laboratory conditions revealed reproductive compatibility. COI haplotype diversity is not only very high in all biogeographic regions (56 distinct haplotypes in total), but also in breeding facilities and research centers from six continents (10 haplotypes: divergences up to 4.3%). The high genetic diversity in fly-breeding facilities is mostly likely due to many independent acquisitions of cultures via sharing and/or establishing new colonies from fieldcollected flies. However, explaining some of the observed diversity in several biogeographic regions is difficult given that the origin of the species is considered to be New World (32 distinct haplotypes) and one would expect severely reduced genetic diversity in the putatively non-native populations in the remaining biogeographic regions. However, distinct, private haplotypes are known from the Australasian (N = 1), Oriental (N = 4), and the Eastern Palearctic (N = 4) populations. We reviewed museum specimen records and conclude that the evidence for introductions is strong for the Western Palearctic and Afrotropical regions which lack distinct, private haplotypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Based on our results mtDNA COI barcode is sufficiently informative to be a first step marker for any genetic characterization of BSF strains or populations. The available genomic studies on the BSF are still limited [41,42], but are expected to rapidly increase in near future, and are likely to yield additional markers. Finally, in order to unravel a more detailed dispersal history of the BSF, comprehensive population genetic analyses should be carried out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

Ståhls

Meier

Sandrock

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background The black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Hermetia illucens ) is renowned for bioconversion ability of organic waste, and is the worldwide most widely used source of insect protein. Despite varying extensively in morphology, it is widely assumed that all black soldier flies belong to the same species, Hermetia illucens . We here use genetic data of 424 rearing culture and wild caught fly samples from 38 countries and six biogeographic regions to test this assumption based on data for three genes (mitochondrial COI, nuclear ITS2 & 28S rDNA). Results Our study reveals a surprisingly high level of intraspecific genetic diversity for the mitochondrial COI gene (divergences up to 4.9%). This level of variability is often associated with the presence of multiple species, but tested nuclear ITS2 and 28S rDNA markers are invariant and fly strain hybridization experiments under laboratory conditions revealed reproductive compatibility. COI haplotype diversity is not only very high in all biogeographic regions (54 distinct haplotypes in total), but also in breeding facilities and research centers from six continents (10 haplotypes: divergences up to 4.3%). The high genetic diversity in fly-breeding facilities is mostly likely explained by many independent acquisitions of cultures via sharing and/or establishing new colonies from wild-caught flies. However, explaining the observed high diversity in most biogeographic regions is difficult. The origin of the species is considered to be New World (32 distinct haplotypes) and one would expect severely reduced genetic diversity in the putatively non-native populations in the remaining biogeographic regions. But distinct, private haplotypes are also known from the Australasian (N=2), Oriental (N=4), and the Palearctic (N=5) populations. We review museum specimen records and conclude that the evidence for introductions is strong for the Western Palearctic and the Afrotropical regions which lack distinct, private haplotypes. Conclusions Based on the results of this paper, we urge the black soldier fly community to apply molecular characterization (genotyping) of the fly strains used in artificial fly-breeding and to share this data in research publications and when sharing cultures. In addition, fast-evolving nuclear markers should be used to reconstruct the recent invasion history of the species.

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“…We furthermore urge all commercial users and researchers to generate barcodes for their cultures as this can be done at a low cost, and preserve specimens for genotyping or future screening of additional nuclear markers. The available genomic studies on the BSF are presently limited [45,46], but are expected to rapidly increase in near future. Finally, in order to unravel a more detailed dispersal history of the BSF, comprehensive population genomic analyses should be carried out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

Ståhls

Meier

Sandrock

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Hermetia illucens) is renowned for bioconversion ability of organic waste, and is the worldwide most widely used source of insect protein. Despite varying extensively in morphology, it is widely assumed that all black soldier flies belong to the same species, Hermetia illucens. We here use genetic data of 424 rearing culture and wild caught fly samples from 38 countries and six biogeographic regions to test this assumption based on data for three genes (mitochondrial COI, nuclear ITS2 & 28S rDNA). Results Our study reveals a surprisingly high level of intraspecific genetic diversity for the mitochondrial COI gene (divergences up to 4.9%). This level of variability is often associated with the presence of multiple species, but tested nuclear ITS2 and 28S rDNA markers are invariant and fly strain hybridization experiments under laboratory conditions revealed reproductive compatibility. COI haplotype diversity is not only very high in all biogeographic regions (54 distinct haplotypes in total), but also in breeding facilities and research centers from six continents (10 haplotypes: divergences up to 4.3%). The high genetic diversity in fly-breeding facilities is mostly likely explained by many independent acquisitions of cultures via sharing and/or establishing new colonies from wild-caught flies. However, explaining the observed high diversity in most biogeographic regions is difficult. The origin of the species is considered to be New World (32 distinct haplotypes) and one would expect severely reduced genetic diversity in the putatively non-native populations in the remaining biogeographic regions. But distinct, private haplotypes are also known from the Australasian (N=2), Oriental (N=4), and the Palearctic (N=5) populations. We review museum specimen records and conclude that the evidence for introductions is strong for the Western Palearctic and the Afrotropical regions which lack distinct, private haplotypes. Conclusions Based on the results of this paper, we urge the black soldier fly community to apply molecular characterization (genotyping) of the fly strains used in artificial fly-breeding and to share this data in research publications and when sharing cultures. In addition, fast-evolving nuclear markers should be used to reconstruct the recent invasion history of the species.

show abstract

The complete mitochondrial genome of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

The puzzling mitochondrial phylogeography of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), the commercially most important insect protein species

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