The Complex Interaction Between the Major Sleep Symptoms, the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea, and Sleep Quality

Abstract

Introduction: Little information exists in the general population whether clinical presentation phenotypes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) differ in terms of sleep quality and comorbidities.Aim: The purpose of our study was to assess possible differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic OSA patients concerning syndrome's severity, patients' sleep quality, and comorbidities.Subjects and methods: First, in a nationwide, stratified, epidemiological survey, 4,118 Cypriot adult participants were interviewed about sleep habits and complaints. In the second stage of the survey, 264 randomly selected adults underwent a type III sleep study for possible OSA. Additionally, they completed the Greek version of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Gr-PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results: From 264 enrolled participants, 155 individuals (40 females and 115 males) were first diagnosed with OSA. Among these 155 patients, 34% had ESS ≥ 10 and 49% AIS ≥ 6. One or both symptoms present categorized the individual as symptomatic (60%) and neither major symptom as asymptomatic (40%). There were no significant statistical differences (SSDs) between the two groups (symptomatic–asymptomatic) with regard to anthropometrics [age or gender; neck, abdomen, and hip circumferences; and body mass index (BMI)]. The two groups had no differences in OSA severity—as expressed by apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2)—and in cardiometabolic comorbidities. Symptomatic patients expressed anxiety and depression more often than asymptomatics (p < 0.001) and had poorer subjective sleep quality (Gr-PSQI, p < 0.001). According to PSQI questionnaire, there were no SSDs regarding hours in bed and the use of sleep medications, but there were significant differences in the subjective perception of sleep quality (p < 0.001), sleep efficiency (p < 0.001), duration of sleep (p = 0.001), sleep latency (p = 0.007), daytime dysfunction (p < 0.001), and finally sleep disturbances (p < 0.001).Conclusion: According to our data, OSA patients reporting insomnia-like symptoms and/or sleepiness do not represent a more severe phenotype, by the classic definition of OSA, but their subjective sleep quality is compromised, causing a vicious cycle of anxiety or depression.

Characteristics of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

“…However, no influence of ESS or AIS score on CVD was noted in our population, questioning if the ESS or AIS tools are sufficient, when employed alone, to characterize the excessive sleepiness or insomnia phenotype of OSA patients at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Furthermore, it also remains unclear if sleepiness or insomnia symptoms are associated with an increase of prevalence in CVD in OSA patients [23,24].…”

More than sleepiness: prevalence and relevance of nonclassical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea

“…Of 269 patients newly diagnosed with OSA (aged 21–70 years; 73% men), 54% were categorized as having insomnia [ 27 ]. In another series of 155 OSA patients, 49% had an Athens Insomnia Scale score of at least 6 [ 28 ]. In a series of 296 OSA patients, 80% reported at least one major symptom of insomnia: 57% reported sleep onset insomnia, 68% sleep maintenance insomnia and 48% had early morning awakenings.…”

The relationships between obstructive sleep apnea and psychiatric disorders: a narrative review

“…Some researchers suggest OSA patients do not only suffer from depressive symptoms caused by OSA but they have mood components as well [60]. A pilot study published in 2020 found that there is no association between OSA and depression severity.…”