The complex issues of carbon sink: a critical overview

Abstract

The aim of the paper is to offer a systemic overview about some critical and interdependent relations among carbon offset, carbon sequestration and carbon stock. Rooting in the complexity perspective, the work discusses some relevant measurement methods and financial issues related to the Land Use - Land Use Change Forestry (LULUCF) applied under Kyoto Protocol rules. The carbon sinks could contribute to the sequestration of carbon with long-rotation periods of forest. There are uncertainties on the estimation on carbon flux due to the application of various models of estimates, because the capacity of carbon stock is determined by several technical and financial variables. The main tool for the CO2 emissions’ mitigation is carbon offset that may represent a cost-effective solution. Here we show that there is not yet a precise correlation between forest projects and Kyoto Protocol goal. The study furthermore focuses on the credits of forestry projects, that could be sold or purchased on the carbon market. Eventually, we also consider the ethical and political problems connected with the use biomass ITPs (Industrial Tree Plantations). In conclusion, the work shed light underlines the complex side of decision processes in framing and selecting models to estimate the carbon balance under Kyoto Protocol target. The opportunity of investment in forest projects depends on the cost management of the projects themselves, and the price between wood market and unit carbon

Performance of two Patagonian molluscs as trace metal biomonitors: The overlap bioaccumulation index (OBI) as an integrative tool for the management of marine ecosystems

“…Environmental management typically faces complex problems (i.e. problems featured by a high number of interdependent variables, with nonlinear relationships among them and uncertainty) (Reed, 2008(Reed, : 2418Ciasullo et al, 2014).…”

Fostering Sustainable Cities through Resilience Thinking: The Role of Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs): Lessons Learned from Two Italian Case Studies

“…The term NBS encompasses many interrelated concepts that have found wide usage in international and local policies. The European Commission has identified more than 300 nature-based solutions ranging from the protection and expansion of forested areas to the promotion of carbon sinks [48,49] to the construction of green roofs. NBSs can be considered an "umbrella term" as they encompass a wide variety of approaches and solutions [50][51][52][53][54][55][56] that innovatively and synergistically combine existing concepts such as green infrastructures (GIs) and blue infrastructures (BIs), ecological engineering (EE), ecosystem services (ESs), and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA).…”

Managing complexity of marine ecosystems: From the monitoring breakdown structure (MBS) to the baseline assessment. Trace metal concentrations in biomonitors of the Beagle Channel, Patagonia (2005–2012)

“…This perspective, on the one hand, considers the marine ecosystems as complex onesi.e. systems that are featured by a high number of interdependent variables, with nonlinear relationships among them and uncertainty (Reed, 2008(Reed, : 2418Ciasullo et al, 2014;Broszeit et al, 2019); on the other hand, it enlightens how the concepts of space and time ask to be connected and cannot be ignored using universal abstraction (Morin, 1986). The introduction of space and time make it possible to overcome the limits of that universalist abstraction which eliminated locality and temporality, and this represents one of the possible ways to face complexity in natural systems (Morin, 1986).…”