The complex relationship of air pollution and neighborhood socioeconomic status and their association with cognitive decline

Christensen, Grace M.; Li, Zhenjiang; Pearce, John L.; Marcus, Michele; Lah, James J.; Waller, Lance A.; Ebelt, Stefanie; Hüls, Anke

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107416

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Previous studies have evaluated the interplay between PM 2.5 and neighborhood socioeconomic status and neighborhood conditions (e.g., neighborhood disorder and decay) and found that the adverse effect of air pollution on cognitive function and the decline was worse among older adults living in neighborhoods with worse conditions or with lower socioeconomic status. 55–57 Our research expands the literature on joint effects of air pollution and the social environment by presenting findings on both additive and multiplicative scales. The interpretation of the interaction is scale-dependent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

An Examination of the Joint Effect of the Social Environment and Air Pollution on Dementia Among US Older Adults

Ilango

Leary

Ritchie

et al. 2023

Environmental Epidemiology

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Background: Evidence suggests exposure to air pollution increases the risk of dementia. Cognitively stimulating activities and social interactions, made available through the social environment, may slow cognitive decline. We examined whether the social environment buffers the adverse effect of air pollution on dementia in a cohort of older adults. Methods: This study draws from the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. Participants aged 75 years and older were enrolled between 2000 and 2002 and evaluated for dementia semi-annually through 2008. Long-term exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide was assigned from spatial and spatiotemporal models. Census tract-level measures of the social environment and individual measures of social activity were used as measures of the social environment. We generated Cox proportional hazard models with census tract as a random effect and adjusted for demographic and study visit characteristics. Relative excess risk due to interaction was estimated as a qualitative measure of additive interaction. Results: This study included 2,564 individuals. We observed associations between increased risk of dementia and fine particulate matter (µg/m3), coarse particulate matter (µg/m3), and nitrogen dioxide (ppb); HRs per 5 unit increase were 1.55 (1.01, 2.18), 1.31 (1.07, 1.60), and 1.18 (1.02, 1.37), respectively. We found no evidence of additive interaction between air pollution and the neighborhood social environment. Conclusions: We found no consistent evidence to suggest a synergistic effect between exposure to air pollution and measures of the social environment. Given the many qualities of the social environment that may reduce dementia pathology, further examination is encouraged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

An Examination of the Joint Effect of the Social Environment and Air Pollution on Dementia Among US Older Adults

Ilango

Leary

Ritchie

et al. 2023

Environmental Epidemiology

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“…We adjusted for clinical and patient characteristics, identified a priori, that prior studies have shown to be associated with readmission such as infant sex and BPD grade, as well as those that might confound associations of environmental exposures with ED visits and readmissions: gestational age at birth; birth year; and insurance status (private vs. public). Additionally, in models assessing air pollution exposures, we also adjusted for census tract neighborhood deprivation quantified using the Brokamp Deprivation Index since community socioeconomic status can act as both a confounder and an effect modifier between air pollution and adverse health outcomes [20,21]. Notably, in the models with EJI as the exposure, we did not adjust for deprivation as similar indicators are already included in the EJI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Determinants of Post-Discharge Acute Respiratory Illness among Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Szeto,

Radack,

DeMauro

et al. 2024

IJERPH

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Objective: To analyze the association of components of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Environmental Justice Index (EJI) with respiratory health outcomes among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) within one year after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of a cohort of preterm infants with BPD. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated associations of EJI and its components with medically attended acute respiratory illness, defined as an ED visit or inpatient readmission, within one year of discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. A mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate how environmental injustice may contribute to racial disparities in acute respiratory illness. Results: Greater EJI was associated with an increased risk of medically attended respiratory illness (per EJI standard deviation increment, aOR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12–1.69). Of the index’s components, the Environmental Burden Module’s Air pollution domain had the greatest association (aOR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.44–2.61). With respect to individual indicators within the EJI, Diesel Particulate Matter (DSLPM) and Air Toxic Cancer Risk (ATCR) demonstrated the strongest relationship (aOR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.57–2.71 and aOR 2.10, 95% CI: 1.59–2.78, respectively). Among non-Hispanic Black infants, 63% experienced a medically attended acute respiratory illness as compared to 18% of non-Hispanic White infants. DSLPM mediated 39% of the Black–White disparity in medically attended acute respiratory illness (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Environmental exposures, particularly air pollution, are associated with post-discharge respiratory health outcomes among preterm infants with BPD after adjusting for clinical, demographic, and social vulnerability risk factors. Certain types of air pollutants, namely, DSLPM, are more greatly associated with acute respiratory illness. Environmental exposures may contribute to racial disparities in medically attended acute respiratory illness among infants with BPD.

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“…Future research that examines speech, language, and communicative milestones at different developmental stages are needed. Moreover, although we evaluated influence from an array of perinatal risk factors, including maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle and obstetric factors, additional postnatal and/or early childhood familial, [ 62 ] genetic, [ 63 ] and environmental risks [ 64 ], as well as community level physical and social factors [ 65 ] could be explored in future research. Finally, our study focused on cognitive and behavioral outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Milestones of Infancy and Associations with Later Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

et al. 2022

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The age at attaining infancy developmental milestones has been associated with later neurodevelopmental outcomes, but evidence from large and diverse samples is lacking. We investigated this by analyzing data of 5360 singleton children aged 9–10 from 17 states in the US enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study during 2016–2020. Delays in four milestones (first roll over, unaided sitting, unaided walking, and speaking first words) were defined using the 90th percentile of age at attainment reported by children’s biological mothers. Childhood neurocognitive function was measured by research assistants using the NIH toolbox, and children reported their behavioral problems using the Brief Problem Monitor. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate the association between delays in single or multiple milestones and childhood neurobehavioral outcomes. Delays in first roll over, unaided sitting, or walking were associated with poorer childhood neurocognitive function, while delay in speaking first words was associated with both poorer neurocognitive function and behavioral problems. Children who had delays in both motor and language milestones had the worst neurocognitive function and behavioral outcomes. Our results suggest that delays in motor and language milestone attainment during infancy are predictive of childhood neurobehavioral outcomes.

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The complex relationship of air pollution and neighborhood socioeconomic status and their association with cognitive decline

Cited by 23 publications

References 38 publications

An Examination of the Joint Effect of the Social Environment and Air Pollution on Dementia Among US Older Adults

An Examination of the Joint Effect of the Social Environment and Air Pollution on Dementia Among US Older Adults

Environmental Determinants of Post-Discharge Acute Respiratory Illness among Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Developmental Milestones of Infancy and Associations with Later Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

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