The Complexities of Depression

Strakowski, Stephen M.

doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0330-7

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In Australia, depression prevalence was 10% in 2017, with women recording higher rates (12%) than men (9%; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2019). Depression is a multifactorial and complex disorder, and research proposes that a wide variety of factors could influence its heterogeneous and complex nature (Strakowski, 2012). Some biological factors include decreased monoamine function, dysfunctional hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, neuro‐progression/brain plasticity, mitochondrial disturbances (Lopresti et al, 2013; Pereira et al, 2020), cytokine‐mediated inflammatory processes, increased oxidative stress, immune responses (Berk et al, 2013), immuno‐inflammation, gut dysbiosis and gut/brain relationship (Kaplan et al, 2015; Pereira et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal analysis of Australian women's fruit and vegetable consumption and depressive symptoms

Lee

Bradbury

Yoxall

et al. 2023

British J Health Psychol

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BackgroundIn Australia, women report higher rates of depressive symptoms than men. Research suggests that dietary patterns rich in fresh fruit and vegetables could protect against depressive symptoms. The Australian Dietary Guidelines suggest that consuming two servings of fruit and five serves of vegetables per day is optimal for overall health. However, this consumption level is often difficult for those experiencing depressive symptoms to achieve.AimsThis study aims to compare diet quality and depressive symptoms in Australian women over time using (I) two serves of fruit and five serves of vegetables per day (FV7), and (ii) two serves of fruit and three serves of vegetables per day (FV5).Materials and MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health over 12 years at three time points 2006 (n = 9145, Mean age = 30.6, SD = 1.5), 2015 (n = 7186, Mean age = 39.7, SD = 1.5), and 2018 (n = 7121, Mean age = 42.4, SD = 1.5).ResultsA linear mixed effects model found, after adjusting for covarying factors, a small significant inverse association between both FV7 (b = −.54, 95% CI = −.78, −.29) and FV5 (b = −.38, 95% CI = −.50, −.26) in depressive symptoms.DiscussionThese findings suggest an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and decreased depressive symptoms. The small effect sizes indicate caution should be taken in interpreting these results. The findings also suggest that current Australian Dietary Guideline recommendations need not be prescriptive to two fruit and five vegetables for impact on depressive symptoms.ConclusionsFuture research could evaluate reduced vegetable consumption (three serves per day) in identifying the protective threshold for depressive symptoms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal analysis of Australian women's fruit and vegetable consumption and depressive symptoms

Lee

Bradbury

Yoxall

et al. 2023

British J Health Psychol

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“…Granted that those from lower SES backgrounds tend to exhibit anxiety and depressive symptoms more often than those from higher SES backgrounds, programmatic research on individuals in high-achieving settings—most of who are relatively affluent—suggests that a simple “more is better” model may not capture the complex manner in which SES is implicated in internalizing mental health problems (for a review, see Luthar et al, 2020). A more nuanced model that recognizes the complex association between access to resources and human motivational dispositions may be better suited to unpack complex mental health problems such as depression or anxiety (Coley, Spielvogel, & Sims, 2018; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019; Strakowski, 2012; Twenge et al, 2019). Therefore, a “better near the middle” model of SES may perhaps be more accurate than a “more is better” model for some outcomes, yet the “better near the middle” model remains understudied.…”

Section: Socioeconomic Status and Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“More is better” or “better near the middle”? A U.S.-based individual participant data meta-analysis of socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms.

Korous¹,

Causadías²,

Bradley³

et al. 2023

American Psychologist

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Socioeconomic status (SES) is a widely researched construct in developmental science, yet less is known concerning relations between SES and adaptive behavior. Specifically, is the relation linear, with higher SES associated with better outcomes, or does the direction of association change at different levels of SES? Our aim was to examine linear (“more is better”) and quadratic (“better near the middle”) associations between components of SES (i.e., income, years of education, occupational status/prestige) and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale), and to explore moderation by developmental period (adolescence, young, middle, and older adulthood), gender/sex (female, male), and race/ethnicity (Asian American, Black, Latinx, multiracial, Native American, White). We hypothesized that there would be more support for a model containing quadratic associations. We conducted a two-stage meta-analytic structural equation model of 60 data sets (27,242 correlations, 498,179 participants) within the United States, accounting for dependencies between correlations, which were identified via the Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research and handled using a two-step approach. Income was quadratically associated with depressive symptoms, but the quadratic model did not explain more variance in depressive symptoms than the linear model. Developmental period and race/ethnicity moderated the associations: Income was quadratically associated with depressive symptoms among middle-aged adults, and years of education were quadratically associated with depressive symptoms among White samples. Our findings suggest that researchers and clinical practitioners should consider the elevated risk of depressive symptoms for individuals from low and high-income backgrounds in the United States.

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“…As an example, when evaluating a patient with a mental health complaint, PAs should reflect on whether the same diagnosis would be considered if the patient were of a different race. Studies show that compared with White patients with similar presentations, patients of color are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than severe depression or bipolar disorder 47,48. Racism can further be addressed in numerous small interactions with staff, colleagues, and patients throughout the day by taking a vocal stand whenever biased statements or assumptions are witnessed 43,49.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies show that compared with White patients with similar presentations, patients of color are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than severe depression or bipolar disorder. 47,48 Racism can further be addressed in numerous small interactions with staff, colleagues, and patients throughout the day by taking a vocal stand whenever biased statements or assumptions are witnessed. 43,49 Although taking a stand may generate angst or discomfort, the point is to call attention to the implied discord.…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural racism, health disparities, and opportunities for PA practice

Fleming¹,

Coplan²,

Najera³

et al. 2022

Jaapa

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Social determinants of health are rooted in structural racism. The healthcare community has long recognized the existence of signifi cant race-and ethnicity-related health disparities. Yet pervasive disparities persist despite ongoing calls for institutions and healthcare professionals to promote health equity by addressing bias, discrimination, and social determinants of health. All PAs must take responsibility for the various ways in which we may unwittingly reinforce racism in our profession, and must shift our focus from treating the effects of racism to preventing them.

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The Complexities of Depression

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

A longitudinal analysis of Australian women's fruit and vegetable consumption and depressive symptoms

A longitudinal analysis of Australian women's fruit and vegetable consumption and depressive symptoms

“More is better” or “better near the middle”? A U.S.-based individual participant data meta-analysis of socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms.

Structural racism, health disparities, and opportunities for PA practice

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