“…This is an obvious feature of recent dipole models of deep inelastic scattering [1,2,3], where for transverse photons especially the contribution from large (non-perturbative) dipoles extends to significantly large values of Q 2 . The penetration of non-perturbative physics into the perturbative regime is even more explicit in generalised vector dominance models [4] or in two-component models [5,6,7,8,9,10] which combine "soft" (non-perturbative) and "hard" (perturbative) contributions. Typically the soft contribution comprises the normal reggeon and soft pomeron exchanges, the latter with an intercept of ∼ 1.08.…”