The composition and phenology of butterflies are determined by their functional trait in Indian tropical dry forests

Abstract

To understand the effects of local landscape factors on functional species composition and phenology of butter ies across multiple spatial scales, a study was carried out in a tropical dry forest of the northern highlands of the Eastern Ghats of India from November 2016 to October 2017. A total of 3343 individuals of butter ies were recorded, including 88 species of butter ies under 62 genera, 18 subfamilies, and 6 families in three different forest types (open, riparian, dense). Butter y species richness showed no signi cant deviations, but diversity patterns varied across transects. Beta diversity indicated differences in common species populations, likely due to uneven resource distribution in study site forests. The contribution of β transect to gamma diversity was greater than that of β elevation, except for specialists. Specialists were favoured by landscape attributes over forest type. Butter y abundance peaks in April for open and dense forests, and May for riparian forests. Results show variation in seasonal patterns across different forest types (F = 15.92, P < 0.001). Generalists and versatilists are more prevalent in April and February, while specialists are more abundant from October to November. Relative humidity, shrub density, and temperature were the major contributors (40.2%) for richness whereas relative humidity and shrub density contributed 26.3% for abundance. The relative humidity was predominant over temperature for species richness and is a major predictor for assemblages of generalist species. Resource utilization based on elevation plays an important role for habitat specialist species and highlights the importance of the spatial levels of elevation zones in conservation planning.