The Composition and Structure of Bacterial Spores

Warth, Alan D.; Ohye, D. F.; Murrell, W. G.

doi:10.1083/jcb.16.3.579

Cited by 121 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the electrical field present has introduced additional stress, e.g., membrane potential alternation, thus possibly affecting their normal metabolic activities. It is well accepted that different bacterial species vary in their amino acid, saccharide, and dipicolinic acid compositions [25]. It was suggested that the surface charges that confer hydrophilicity to spores may serve as charge carriers when an electrical potential is present, and species-specific surface charge carriers may play the role in the species-specific variations in impedance [19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel conductance-based technology for environmental bacterial sensing

Shen

Tan

et al. 2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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In this study, a simple impedance based technology for measuring bacterial concentrations was developed. The measurement system includes the signal amplification, copper probes and a sample loader. During the experiments, the conductance of Bacillus subtilis var niger, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli were measured using the combination of a pre-amplifier and a lock-in amplifier. The conductance data were modeled verses the bacterial concentrations. Results indicated that the relationship between the conductance of bacterial suspensions and their concentrations follows a generic model: Y=C 1 + C 2 × e (−X/C 3 ) , where Y is the conductance (S), X is the bacterial concentration (Number/mL: abbreviated to N/mL) for all species tested, and C 1−3 are constants. Gram negative P. fluorescens and E. coli assumed similar conductance curves, which were flatter than that of gram positive B. subtilis var niger. For P. fluorescens and E. coli the culturing technique resulted in higher concentration levels (statistically significant) from 2 to 4 times that measured by the impedance based technology. For B. subtilis var niger, both methods resulted in similar concentration levels. These differences might be due to membrane types, initial culturability and the obtained conductance curves. The impedance based technology here was shown to obtain the bacterial concentration instantly, holding broad promise in realtime monitoring biological agents.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a novel conductance-based technology for environmental bacterial sensing

Shen

Tan

et al. 2013

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…Bacillus endospores are structurally less comparable to the akinete than cysts. Endospores have a laminated spore coat rather than a single fibrous coat and a cortex membrane (Warth et al 1963) which is not present in the akinete. The cortex layer of the endospore seems more comparable than other spore coat layers to the electron transparent layer of the akinete.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of Akinete Development in a Blue-green Alga, <i>Cylindrospermum</i> sp

Clark

Jensen

1969

CYTOLOGIA

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Abstract. The structure and development of the akinete of a blue-green algae, Cylindrospermum sp., was investigated with the light and electron microscopes. Only the sub-terminal cell which appears to divide immediately before the onset of development becomes an akinete. There is first an elongation and then a rounding out of the sub-terminal cell. The akinete that develops is larger than a vegetative cell, but it has the same cell wall components and the same kinds of inclusions. There are an unusually large number of structured granules and ribosomes present. The akinete, in contrast to the vegetative cell, has a heavy fibrous coat outside the i nner investment, and an electron dense substance accumulates within the fibrous coat. The fibrous coat is of medium electron density. The electron dense sub stance is drawn outward into rays, and the fibrous coat and the inner investment are separated by an electron transparent layer in the mature akinete.

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“…Thin-section electron microscopy of the B. subtilis spore reveals two major layers in the coat: a lightly staining lamellar inner layer and a darkly staining outer layer (4,80). The morphogenetic coat protein CotE directs the assembly of most, if not all, outer coat proteins and some of the inner coat proteins (23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analysis of the Spore Coats of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis

et al. 2003

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The outermost proteinaceous layer of bacterial spores, called the coat, is critical for spore survival, germination, and, for pathogenic spores, disease. To identify novel spore coat proteins, we have carried out a preliminary proteomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis spores, using a combination of standard sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and improved two-dimensional electrophoretic separations, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and/or dual mass spectrometry. We identified 38 B. subtilis spore proteins, 12 of which are known coat proteins. We propose that, of the novel proteins, YtaA, YvdP, and YnzH are bona fide coat proteins, and we have renamed them CotI, CotQ, and CotU, respectively. In addition, we initiated a study of coat proteins in B. anthracis and identified 11 spore proteins, 6 of which are candidate coat or exosporium proteins. We also queried the unfinished B. anthracis genome for potential coat proteins. Our analysis suggests that the B. subtilis and B. anthracis coats have roughly similar numbers of proteins and that a core group of coat protein species is shared between these organisms, including the major morphogenetic proteins. Nonetheless, a significant number of coat proteins are probably unique to each species. These results should accelerate efforts to develop B. anthracis detection methods and understand the ecological role of the coat.

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The Composition and Structure of Bacterial Spores

Cited by 121 publications

References 36 publications

Development of a novel conductance-based technology for environmental bacterial sensing

Development of a novel conductance-based technology for environmental bacterial sensing

Ultrastructure of Akinete Development in a Blue-green Alga, <i>Cylindrospermum</i> sp

Proteomic Analysis of the Spore Coats of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis

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