The Composition of Air in Trunks of Sugar Maple in Relation to Decay

Thacker, David; Good, H. M.

doi:10.1139/b52-034

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Carbon dioxide partial pressures of about 0,01-0·07 atm stimulated the growth of rhizomorphs slightly whereas partial pressures above about 0 ·14 atm were inhibitory, especially in long rhizomorphs. These results are similar to those obtained with other wood-rotting fungi (Thacker and Good 1952;Gundersen 1961).…”

Section: (E) Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The effect of carbon dioxide on the initiation and growth of rhizomorphs was also studied because, at least in woody host plants, concentrations sufficiently high to restrict the growth of fungi may occur (Chase 1934;Thacker and Good 1952;Gundersen 1961).…”

Section: (A) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The growth of most fungi is not restricted by car bon dioxide partial pressures less than 0·10 atm and thus this gas is unlikely to limit the activity of fungi in soil (Griffin 1963a; Stolzy and Van Gundy 1968;Tabak and Cooke 1968). Indeed, slight increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide may even be stimulatory (Thacker and Good 1952;Gundersen 1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Carbon dioxide was also studied even though it is unlikely to be limiting except in woody host plants where high partial pressures may occur (Chase 1934;Thacker and Good 1952;Gundersen 1961). Rhizomorphs have an essential function in the life cycle of A. elegans (Garrett 1951(Garrett , 1960Jacques-Felix 1967) and the roles of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in their development were examined.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Smith¹,

Griffin²

1971

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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Oxygen is important in the ecology of A. elegans because it affects both the rate of growth and form ofrhizomorphs. Maximum growth is dependent on high rates of oxygen diffusion within the central canals of rhizomorphs but partial pressures of oxygen in excess of 0·04 atm in contact with the outside surfaces of rhizomorphs are inhibitory.In long rhizomorphs, the rate of diffusion is maintained because of repeated connections that are made between the central canals and substrate-air interfaces. In the absence of such interfaces, rhizomorphs grow for about 20 cm when the rate of diffusion of oxygen to the apices becomes limiting. Then the rhizomorphs flatten and become plaque-like and their growth slows. Such rhizomorphs are well adapted for absorbing nutrients from a host but not for spreading from host to host.Partial pressures of oxygen in excess of about 0·04 atm in contact with the outsides of rhizomorphs stimulate the activity of p-diphenol oxidase. This enzyme catalyses the formation of a brown pigment in the rhizomorphs and circumstantial evidence indicates that when this pigment forms in the apices of rhizomorphs it inhibits their growth. This pigment overlays the walls of the cells and probably prevents either the uptake of nutrients or the disposal of waste products by the cells.In soil, oxygen partial pressures are usually above 0·04 atm but rhizomorphs continue to grow if water films form around their apices. Oxygen diffuses slowly in these films and the rhizomorphs reduce the partial pressure of oxygen at their surface to below 0·04 atm. The formation of such water films depends on the moisture content, texture, and bulk density of the soil. By altering these properties and preventing the pathogen spreading from host to host, the disease caused by A. elegans may be controlled.Carbon dioxide had little effect on the initiation and growth of rhizomorphs except that partial pressures between about o· Ol and 0·07 atm were slightly stimulatory. Because this is the range of partial pressures normally found in soil and hosts, carbon dioxide is unlikely to significantly affect A. elegans.

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Section: (E) Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: (A) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Smith¹,

Griffin²

1971

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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“…58. 1976 The excess of respiration over photosynthesis combined with high phellem diffusion resistance increased the internal stem CO2 concentration in stem gas during summer months to 5 to 15% (2,4,21). We would.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Physiological Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Stems of Populus tremuloides Michx.

Foote

Schaedle²

1976

Plant Physiol.

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The physiological responses of 6-to 8-year-old aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stems to temperature, light, and CO2 concentration were investigated in the field throughout the year using infrared CO2 analysis. Light response studies showed that the rate of gross photosynthesis was linear from 0 to 400 ft-c (0 to 1.6 mw/cm2 of 400-700 nm) with light saturation being reached between 800 to 1400 ft-c (3.2 to 5.6 mw/cm2 of 400-700 nm). At this light intensity, the respiratory CO2 loss was reduced to 10 to 15% of dark rates. Net photosynthetic CO2 uptake was not observed even at intensities as high as 3400 ft-c (13.6 mw/cm2 of 400-700 nm). The light response curve was similar for both winter and summer stems.During summer months, the respiratory and photosynthetic rates of the aspen stem increased with temperature at a near constant rate between 5 and 35 C. For winter stems, the gross photosynthetic rate increased in a pattern similar to the dark respiratory rate as the temperature rose from 3 to 17 C. Below 0 C and above 17 C, however, the gross photosynthetic rate feD off in relation to the respiratory rate so that the per cent of CO2 reassimilated decreased from 75% to less than 50%. Measurable bark photosynthetic activity was not observed below -3 C.The gross photosynthetic rate of stems was not affected when the gas passing through the cuvette contained concentrations of CO2 ranging from 0 to 580 ,ul CO2/l air.Twigs and stems of living shrubs and trees have a greenish corticular layer just beneath the bark surface. The green pigment is Chl which is concentrated in photosynthetically active chloroplasts (17). Photosynthesis by the stem is termed corticular photosynthesis (20) or bark photosynthesis.Most species in which bark photosynthesis has been investigated were not capable of net photosynthesis, but stem photosynthesis did reduce substantially the respiratory loss of CO., from the stem (1, 8-10, 13, 16, 19 No fertilizer was added in 1973. The trees were watered every 1 to 3 days so that the soil moisture tension in each box was maintained between 0 and 100 centibars. Extensive use of the trees was started 1 year after the transplanting to allow for site adjustment. The boxed trees were healthy and vigorous as evident from the rates of shoot growth, the color and size of the leaves, and the width of the growth rings. Bud break occurred April 18 to 25, 1973; leaf fall, October 12 to 26, 1973. Bark slippage commenced in mid-April and ceased in October. Stem diameters were observed to increase from mid-May through mid-August.Photosynthetic and respiratory CO, exchange rates were measured using a 30-cm, water-cooled, acrylic plastic cuvette consisting of two halves that could be placed around the stem and sealed with no apparent injury to the stem (5). To reduce water, CO2, and heat gradients within the cuvette, an air recirculation system was used with the cooling coils submerged in water or a water-ethanol mixture depending on the operating temperature (5).An open system was used from June to Augus...

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO₂ CONCENTRATION

Durbin

1959

American J of Botany

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Durbin, Richard D. (U. Minnesota, St. Paul.) Factors affecting the vertical distribution of Rhizoctonia solani, with special reference to CO2 concentration. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(1) : 22‐25. Illus. 1959.—Thirty‐three heterogeneous clones of 3 ecological types of Rhizoctonia solani (aerial, surface, and subterranean, based on their vertical distribution on the host plant) were grown in flowing atmospheres containing various levels of CO2. The linear growth rates were compared with those obtained when the clones were grown in normal air. Significant differences were found among the clones with respect to their tolerance of CO2. Those found normally in the soil were more tolerant of CO2 than were clones occurring in either surface or aerial environments. Additional experiments with other plant pathogenic soil fungi, plus data obtained from the literature, indicate that tolerance of CO2 is a common attribute of fungi normally found in the soil and in rotting organic matter, environments where high CO2 concentrations are to be expected. Significant differences were also found in the linear growth rates of 86 clones from the 3 types. The ratio of the mean growth rates for aerial, surface, and subterranean clones was about 4:3:2, respectively. The 2 characteristics, linear growth rate and CO2 tolerance, were negatively correlated (r = +.773). The percentage of the aerial, surface, and subterranean types producing sclerotia was 82, 48, and 21, respectively. In 9 clones tested linear growth rate was not found to be correlated with endogenous O2 uptake rate. Carbon dioxide tolerance, linear growth rate, and sclerotial formation are characteristics which seem to play a part in determining the habitat of clones of this fungus.

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The Composition of Air in Trunks of Sugar Maple in Relation to Decay

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Physiological Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Stems of Populus tremuloides Michx.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO₂ CONCENTRATION

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The Composition of Air in Trunks of Sugar Maple in Relation to Decay

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Oxygen and the Ecology of Armillariella Elegans Heim

Physiological Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Respiration in Stems of Populus tremuloides Michx.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO2 CONCENTRATION

Contact Info

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CO₂ CONCENTRATION