The composition of the cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali

Abstract

1. The cell wall of Fusicoccum amygdali consisted of polysaccharides (85%), protein (4-6%), lipid (5%) and phosphorus (0.1%). 2. The main carbohydrate constituent was d-glucose; smaller amounts of d-glucosamine, d-galactose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, xylose and arabinose were also identified, and 16 common amino acids were detected. 3. Chitin, which accounted for most of the cell-wall glucosamine, was isolated in an undegraded form by an enzymic method. Chitosan was not detected, but traces of glucosamine were found in alkali-soluble and water-soluble fractions. 4. Cell walls were stained dark blue by iodine and were attacked by alpha-amylase, with liberation of glucose, maltose and maltotriose, indicating the existence of chains of alpha-(1-->4)-linked glucopyranose residues. 5. Glucose and gentiobiose were liberated from cell walls by the action of an exo-beta-(1-->3)-glucanase, giving evidence for both beta-(1-->3)- and beta-(1-->6)-glucopyranose linkages. 6. Incubation of cell walls with Helix pomatia digestive enzymes released glucose, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and a non-diffusible fraction, containing most of the cell-wall galactose, mannose and rhamnose. Part of this fraction was released by incubating cell walls with Pronase; acid hydrolysis yielded galactose 6-phosphate and small amounts of mannose 6-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate as well as other materials. Extracellular polysaccharides of a similar nature were isolated and may be formed by the action of lytic enzymes on the cell wall. 7. About 30% of the cell wall was resistant to the action of the H. pomatia digestive enzymes; the resistant fraction was shown to be a predominantly alpha-(1-->3)-glucan. 8. Fractionation of the cell-wall complex with 1m-sodium hydroxide gave three principal glucan fractions: fraction BB had [alpha](D) +236 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and showed two components on sedimentation analysis; fraction AA(2) had [alpha](D) -71 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and contained predominantly beta-linkages; fraction AA(1) had [alpha](D) +40 degrees (in 1m-sodium hydroxide) and may contain both alpha- and beta-linkages.

Extracellular vesicles from Paracoccidioides pathogenic species transport polysaccharide and expose ligands for DC-SIGN receptors

“…In Saccharomyces , glycogen can be linked to β-glucan in the cell wall fibrillar structure 33 . On the other hand, α-(1→4)-Glc p interconnecting residues can be found in the structural cell wall α-(1→3)-glucan from Aspergillus , Fusicoccum amygdali , Neurospora crassa , and C. neoformans 34 35 36 37 . In yeast phase Paracoccidioides cell wall, there are single side α-(1→4)-Glc p residues linked to the main α-(1→3)-glucan 38 .…”

The Chemistry of Polysaccharides of Fungi and Lichens

“…(7), and Fusicoccum amygdali (9). It exists in Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Pénicillium spp., Citeromyces spp., Bullera spp., Rhodotorula glutinis, Candida curvata, Candida humicola, Trichosporon cutaneum, Tremella spp.…”

Chitin‐Derived Mesoporous, Nitrogen‐Containing Carbon for Heavy‐Metal Removal and Styrene Epoxidation

“…Chitin, the second most abundant biopolymer on earth, is a N‐containing biomass material existing in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans . Chitin has long been considered as a starting material for the production of functional polymers .…”