The compositions, sources, and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment

Atmospheric Environment

et al. 2004

Self Cite

544

294

Aerosol samples of PM 2.5 and PM 10 were collected in both summer and winter seasons from 2002 to 2003 synchronously at a traffic site, an industrial site, and a residential site in Beijing, which could basically be the representatives over Beijing. Twenty-three elements and 15 ions together with organic carbon and elemental carbon were analyzed systematically for characterization of Beijing aerosol. PM 2.5 was the major part of the inhalable particles (PM 10 ), as the ratios of PM 2.5 /PM 10 were 0.45-0.48 in summer and 0.52-0.73 in winter. SO 4 2À, NO 3 À , NH 4 + , organic matter, crustal matter, and element carbon were the six dominant species, which totally accounted for 85.8-97.7% of PM 2.5 . Secondary aerosol (SO 4 2À , NO 3 À , and NH 4 + ), road dust or/and long-range transported dust from outside Beijing, industry and motor vehicles emission, coal burning were the major contributors to the air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing. Overall, coal burning and the traffic exhausts, plus the dust from the long-range transport, could be the major sources of the aerosol pollution at Beijing. A relatively even spatial distribution of chemical species in PM 2.5 was found while in PM 10 a significant variation with the highest concentrations at the industrial site in summer and at the residential site in winter was observed. The concentrations of PM 10 , PM 2.5 as well as various chemical species were higher in winter than in summer. The contributions of mineral aerosol from outside Beijing were first estimated with a newly developed element tracer technique, which accounted for 79% and 37% of the total mineral in PM 10 and PM 2.5 in winter, and 19% and 20% in summer, respectively. During the dust storm period from 20 to 22 March, it reached up to 97% in TSP, 79% in PM 10 and 76% in PM 2.5 . This is the technique, firstly, developed for estimating the relative contributions of sources from inside and outside Beijing to the total mineral aerosol and it could provide the basic information in controlling the air-borne particulate pollution at Beijing. r

Section: Element Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing—concentration, composition, distribution and sources

Sun

Zhuang

Atmospheric Environment

et al. 2004

Self Cite

544

294

“…An inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (Ulttma, Jobin Yvon Co., Ltd., France) were used for the determinations of 23 elements, including Al, As, Ca, Ce, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Eu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, S, Sc, Sr, Se, Sb, Ti, V, and Zn (Zhuang et al, 2001 Yuan et al (2003). A smoke stain reflectometer (Model 43D, Diffusion Systems Ltd., UK) was employed for black carbon (BC) analysis.…”

Section: Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Atmospheric particles through long-range transportation from China mainland to the Pacific can affect the global radiation energy balance (Liu and Peter, 2002) as well as influence the primary productivity of the Ocean and the global carbon budget (Zhuang et al, 2001) According to the data of Environmental Situation Bulletin (BJEPB, 2008), all the annual average concentrations of inhalable paritcles PM 10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) in Beijing over the period of 1999-2006 exceed the national second-class air quality standard of 100 mg/m 3 (MEP, 1996). A number of articles have been published in the recent years dedicated to the characterization of particulate matter in Beijing (He et al, 2001;Sun et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term monitoring and source apportionment of PM2.5/PM10 in Beijing, China

Zhuang

Journal of Environmental Sciences

et al. 2008

Self Cite

168

During 2001-2006, PM 2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM 10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site, China, and in 2006, at a background site in Duolun (DL). The long-term monitoring data of elements, ions, and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM 2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements, nitrates, ammonium salts, and sulfates. These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of the total PM 2.5 . During this period, levels of Pb and S in PM remained rather high, as compared with the levels in other large cities in the world. Source apportionment results suggest that there were 6 common sources for PM 2.5 and PM 10 , i.e., soil dust, vehicular emission, coal combustion, secondary aerosol, industrial emission, and biomass burning. Coal combustion was the largest contributor of PM 2.5 with a percentage of 16.6%, whereas soil dust played the most important role in PM 10 with a percentage of 27%. In contrast, only three common types of sources could be resolved at the background DL site, namely, soil dust, biomass combustion, and secondary aerosol from combustion sources.

“…The oceanic ecosystem and the sedimentary environment have been seriously affected by the input of inorganic substance and trace elements due to the atmospheric circulation (Martin et al, 1994;Zhuang et al, 2001Zhuang et al, , 2003Wedyan and Preston, 2008;Boyd et al, 2009). Atmospheric emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants can be transported to thousands of kilometers by wind, and their harm to living environment is increasing, e.g., heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cd, Sb, and Hg present hazards due to their toxicity (Duce et al, 1980(Duce et al, , 1991Rosman, 2001, 2002;Kanayama et al, 2002;Kim and Kim, 2003;Li et al, 2004;Inoue and Tanimizu., 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variations in elemental composition of aerosols in Xiamen, China

et al. 2009

Rapid industrialization and economic take-off in coastal cities of China have placed great strain on the environment. In the this study, 40 aerosol samples were collected in the coast of Xiamen, Fujian province, west Taiwan Strait, P. R. China, from January to December 2003. The samples were analysed for the concentrations of elements (K, Ca, Na, Zn, Pb, W, Se, As, Ni, Ba, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Th, U, Sr, REEs, etc.). All the elements display significant seasonal variations. The concentrations of most of the elements (except Na and Se) were high in January and February, abruptly decreased in March, kept relatively constant but low from April to August, and then gradually increased from September to December. This corresponds to the rainless climate and the influence of biomass burning from Southeast Asia in the winter and rain scavenging and the diffusion of typhoon in the summer. Thus, most of the elements have a good negative correlation with the monthly precipitation. The SEM/EDX studies indicate that the aerosols of Xiamen mainly consisted of soot grains, clay minerals, feldspar, gypsum, quartz, and biological particulates. The calculated enrichment factors indicate that Na and Br are derived from ocean, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Se, W, and Ni are anthropogenic elements mainly derived from coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and mining, and the other elements (i.e., Zr, Fe, Cr, Co, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, Th, U, and REEs) are crustal elements derived from weathered rocks and soil dust.The elemental concentrations of aerosols in Xiamen were compared with other cities, and the results indicate that Xiamen, like other coastal cities such as Qingdao, Dalian, Hong Kong, and Tokyo, has much lower concentrations of the elements such as Pb, Zn, and Cr than Beijing. The elemental deposition fluxes in Xiamen were also compared to other cities. The comparisons indicate that the elemental deposition fluxes in these cities are influenced not only by climatic characteristics (e.g., the precipitation and the sandstorm), but also by the industrial facility denseness.