The computed tomographic “tree‐in‐bud” pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats

Hahn, Harriet; Specchi, Swan; Masseau, Isabelle; Reinero, Carol R.; Benchekroun, Ghita; Rechy, Jaime; Seiler, Gabriela; Pey, Pascaline

doi:10.1111/vru.12564

Cited by 8 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…CT scans in cats with respiratory diseases have been associated with a greater sensitivity regarding typical changes than conventional radiography and might therefore provide more detailed classification of bronchial diseases. 4,29 Significantly more cats with FA showed increased numbers of eosinophils on haematology compared with cats with CB ( Figure 1). Interleukin-5, which is released during mast cell degranulation in allergic asthma, stimulates eosinopoiesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of signalment, clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis

Grotheer

Hirschberger

Hartmann

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives Feline asthma (FA) and feline chronic bronchitis (CB) are common respiratory conditions in cats, frequently referred to as ‘feline lower airway disease’. However, the aetiologies of both inflammatory airway diseases are probably different. Little is known about the differences in signalment, clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities and radiographic features between cats with these two airway diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate whether certain parameters can help in differentiating between both diseases, as distinguished by airway cytology. Methods Seventy-three cats with FA and 24 cats with CB were included in the retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were compatible clinical signs and a cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicating either FA (eosinophilic inflammation) or CB (neutrophilic inflammation) without cytological or microbiological evidence of bacterial infection. Parameters of signalment, physical examination, haematology and thoracic radiographs of both disease groups were compared statistically ( P <0.05). Results The median age of cats with FA was 6 years, and was 7.5 years in cats with CB ( P = 0.640). The most commonly reported clinical signs in both groups were a cough (95% FA/96% CB; P = 1.000), pathological pulmonary auscultatory sounds (82% FA/79% CB; P = 0.766) and dyspnoea (73% FA/79% CB; P = 0.601). Abnormal radiographic lung patterns were detected in 94% of cats with FA and 91% with CB ( P = 0.629), respectively. Blood eosinophilia was significantly more common in cats with FA (40%) compared with CB (27%) ( P = 0.026). Conclusions and relevance The study indicates that a differentiation of FA and CB by means of signalment, a single clinical sign, and haematological and radiographic findings is not possible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nasal discharge has been observed in cats with FA and CB in this study but could have been non-related or caused by a secondary bacterial or viral infection. As infections, postnasal drip and irritations are discussed as predisposing conditions for CB, 8,12,29 upper airway infections are noteworthy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of signalment, clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis

Grotheer

Hirschberger

Hartmann

et al. 2019

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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“…These signs include centrilobular nodules (humans only), tree-in-bud pattern (nodular opacities connected to branching linear structures originating from a single stalk reflective of impacted debris, cells, or fluid within bronchioles), peribronchiolar ground glass opacity or consolidation, and dilatation (bronchiolectasis). 5,14,27 Indirect signs reflect changes to the pulmonary parenchyma distal to the diseased bronchiole and include mosaic attenuation (because of air trapping) or, in the setting of bronchiolar disorders, rarely mosaic perfusion. 27 Because air trapping may be imperceptible on inspiratory images, expiratory scans are crucial to accentuate air trapping.…”

Section: Imaging and Histologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On CT examination, feline inflammatory large airway disease appears to be a common cause of direct bronchiolar signs, especially tree-in-bud. 5 • Computed tomography changes affecting larger airways such as increases in peribronchovascular density, peribronchial cuffing, and thickened airway walls support feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, or parasitic bronchitis as the primary lesion.…”

Section: Case 11mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

Reinero

Masseau

Grobman

et al. 2019

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. The small airways (bronchioles with inner diameters <2 mm), located at the transitional zone between larger conducting airways and the pulmonary acinus, have been overlooked as major contributors to clinical syndromes of respiratory disease in cats. Because the trigger for many bronchiolar disorders is environmental and humans live in a shared environment with similar susceptibility, understanding these diseases in pet cats has relevance to One Health. Thoracic radiography, the major imaging modality used in the diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease in cats, has low utility in detection of bronchiolar disease. Computed tomography (CT) with paired inspiratory and expiratory scans can detect pathology centered on small airways. In humans, treatment of bronchiolar disorders is not well established because of heterogeneous presentations and often late definitive diagnosis. A review of the human and veterinary medical literature will serve as the basis for a proposed classification scheme in cats. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. Future multi‐institutional and multidisciplinary discussions among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists will help refine and develop this classification scheme to promote early and specific recognition and optimize treatment.

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“…Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) has become a routine examination in small animal's veterinary medicine and demonstrated the utility and accuracy as an advanced imaging diagnostic tool for screening of feline thoracic pathologies. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] A CT comparison of the normal cross-sectional anatomy of the feline thorax has previously been described. 11 More recently, several reports described threshold values for pulmonary artery and bronchial lumen diameters in cats with and without cardio-pulmonary pathologies in order to define imaging criteria useful to diagnose feline bronchiectasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

64-multidetector CT anatomical assessment of the feline bronchial and pulmonary vascular structures

Panopoulos¹,

Auriemma

Specchi

et al. 2018

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

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Objectives The aim of the study was to provide a detailed anatomical study of the feline bronchial and vascular structures by using CT angiography (CTA). Methods Adult cats with no respiratory clinical signs were enrolled in a CTA protocol to provide an anatomical study of the thorax. The dimensions, number of branches and branching pattern (monopodial vs dichotomic) of both bronchial and pulmonary vascular structures were evaluated under positive inspiration apnoea. A linear generalised estimating equations analysis (Spearman’s rho) was used to identify statistical correlation between tracheal diameter, age and body weight of the cats. Results Fourteen cats met the inclusion criteria. The pulmonary arteries had larger diameters than the pulmonary veins, and the pulmonary veins had larger diameters than the bronchial structures. A higher number of segmental bronchial and pulmonary vascular branches was observed in the left caudal lung lobe than in the other lobes. The monopodial branching pattern of both bronchial and pulmonary vascular structures was predominant in all cats of our study (100%) in cranial, caudal and right middle lung lobes, while a dichotomic branching pattern of the bronchial and pulmonary vascular structures of the accessory lung lobe was seen in 13 cats (93%). Thirteen cats (93%) had three pulmonary vein ostia, and one cat (7%) also presented with an additional left intermediate pulmonary vein ostium. Variation in the number of segmental pulmonary vein branches was noted in the right caudal lung lobe. There was no statistical correlation between tracheal diameter, age and weight. Conclusions and relevance Architecture of the feline bronchovascularr structures belongs to a mixed type of monopodial and dichotomic branching pattern. In cats, the pulmonary venous drainage system predominately presents three pulmonary vein ostia. Variations in the type of formation and the number of branches of the pulmonary venous drainage system were noted.

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The computed tomographic “tree‐in‐bud” pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Comparison of signalment, clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis

Comparison of signalment, clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis

Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats

64-multidetector CT anatomical assessment of the feline bronchial and pulmonary vascular structures

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