The concentration of three anti-seizure medications in hair: the effects of hair color, controlling for dose and age

Mieczkowski, Tom; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Krüger, Michael; Psillakis, Thanasis

doi:10.1186/1472-6904-1-2

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[35][36][37][38][39] Although hair analysis would not, therefore be helpful for day to day TDM, these principles have been applied to demonstrate compliance with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine treatment in adult patients, [39][40][41] compliance of carbamazepine and lamotrigine during pregnancy 38 and to differentiate between chronic and acute carbamazepine intoxication. The drug(s) are thus sequestered into the hair structure and because head hair grows at approximately 1 cm/mo, if only a single drug exposure occurred the portion of hair containing the drug would emerge from the scalp after 6/7 days.…”

Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva

Patsalos¹,

Berry²

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

170

126

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Blood (serum/plasma) antiepileptic drug (AED) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has proven to be an invaluable surrogate marker for individualizing and optimizing the drug management of patients with epilepsy. Since 1989, there has been an exponential increase in AEDs with 23 currently licensed for clinical use, and recently, there has been renewed and extensive interest in the use of saliva as an alternative matrix for AED TDM. The advantages of saliva include the fact that for many AEDs it reflects the free (pharmacologically active) concentration in serum; it is readily sampled, can be sampled repetitively, and sampling is noninvasive; does not require the expertise of a phlebotomist; and is preferred by many patients, particularly children and the elderly. For each AED, this review summarizes the key pharmacokinetic characteristics relevant to the practice of TDM, discusses the use of other biological matrices with particular emphasis on saliva and the evidence that saliva concentration reflects those in serum. Also discussed are the indications for salivary AED TDM, the key factors to consider when saliva sampling is to be undertaken, and finally, a practical protocol is described so as to enable AED TDM to be applied optimally and effectively in the clinical setting. Overall, there is compelling evidence that salivary TDM can be usefully applied so as to optimize the treatment of epilepsy with carbamazepine, clobazam, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, topiramate, and zonisamide. Salivary TDM of valproic acid is probably not helpful, whereas for clonazepam, eslicarbazepine acetate, felbamate, pregabalin, retigabine, rufinamide, stiripentol, tiagabine, and vigabatrin, the data are sparse or nonexistent.

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Section: Hairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva

Patsalos¹,

Berry²

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

170

126

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“…In addition to the use of hair assays for the identification of illicit psychoactive drug use, it has also been applied to a variety of medicinals, such as antibiotics, antipsychotics, and anti-epileptics (Uematsu et al, 1989;Mieczkowski, 2000;Mieczkowski et al, 2001). Also, it has become a frequently used method for assessing compliance to drug abstinence requirements in such programs as driver's license restoration (Mangin, 1995) various drug abuse disciplinary actions (Knight, 1998), and testing of sensitive employment positions (Cook, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessing the potential of a “color effect” for hair analysis of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Analysis of a large sample of hair specimens

Mieczkowski

2003

Life Sciences

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“…Hair is a well-known and widely used bioindicator for human exposure to metals, medical drugs, or drugs of abuse [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Compared to forensic and clinical fields, little is known about hair analysis for determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) [56,57].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a broad spectrum method for measuring flame retardants - Overcoming the challenges of non-invasive human biomonitoring studies

2014

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Flame retardants (FRs), such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and phosphate flame retardants (PFRs), are a diverse group of compounds that are used to improve fire safety in many consumer products, such as furniture, textiles, electronics, etc. As these compounds are potentially harmful for human health, there is a need to better understand human exposure. Exposure to environmental contaminants can be monitored by the measurement of external sources of exposures and also by the determination of contaminant levels in human samples. For ethical and practical reasons, noninvasive matrices, such as hair, are preferred but, unfortunately, not widely used due to methodological limitations. A major challenge is sample availability: only small amounts can be sampled per individual. Multi-residue methods are therefore essential in order to determine multiple compounds in low sample amounts. In the framework of the FP7 project (INFLAME), an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of PBDEs and PFRs in human hair has been optimized and validated. Before extraction, hair samples (200 mg) were denaturated in nitric acid (HNO3) for 25 min at 25 °C. Consecutively, the samples were extracted using a mixture of hexane:dichloromethane, and extracts were further fractionated on Florisil. Fraction A which contained PBDEs was additionally cleaned on acidified silica gel and measured by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI-MS), while fraction B containing PFRs was directly analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This approach resulted in recoveries between 81-120% for PBDEs and 75-113% for PFRs (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 16%, n = 9). The optimized multi-residue method has been applied to 20 human hair samples. The obtained results indicated that the levels of PBDEs in hair samples were very low (0.2-12 ng/g) in relation to PBDE levels in human hair samples from other studies and most of the time below the method limit of quantification (LOQm). On the contrary, the PFR levels were relatively high as they were in the range of the levels previously found in dust samples (2-5,032 ng/g hair). We would like to highlight that the contribution of air and dust cannot be neglected (especially in the case of PFRs); therefore, we suggest that hair might be a good indicator of retrospective and integral exposure (which includes atmospheric deposition as well as endogenous mechanisms). Moreover, the aim of our study is focused on exposure assessment and levels detected in hair (independently of whether they come from internal or external exposure) and will significantly contribute to the exposure assessment.

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The concentration of three anti-seizure medications in hair: the effects of hair color, controlling for dose and age

Cited by 19 publications

References 24 publications

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva

Assessing the potential of a “color effect” for hair analysis of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Analysis of a large sample of hair specimens

Development of a broad spectrum method for measuring flame retardants - Overcoming the challenges of non-invasive human biomonitoring studies

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