The concept of altered perception in “body dysmorphic disorder”: The subtle border between the abuse of selfies in social networks and cosmetic surgery, between socially accepted dysfunctionality and the pathological condition

Abstract

The concept of altered perception in "body dysmorphic disorder": The subtle border between the abuse of selfies in social networks and cosmetic surgery, between socially accepted dysfunctionality and the pathological condition.

Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Who Is the Whitest of All? Racial Biases in Social Media Beauty Filters

“…For instance, having a highly sexualized virtual reality avatar affects how females act both online and offline, increasing their sense of self-objectification (Fox & Bailenson, 2009; Maloney & Robb, 2019). Moreover, selfie dysmorphia has led to an increase in plastic surgery to look like the beautified social media self which, in many cases, reflects an unattainable ideal of beauty (Cristel et al, 2021; Othman et al, 2021; Perrotta, 2020).…”

The Theory of Mind (ToM): theoretical, neurobiological and clinical profiles

“…The profiles under examination concern pharmacological, technical and instrumental approaches. [1] In particular: 1) In psychiatric patients [59], the need for association with individual or group psychotherapy [58] also "pharmacological therapy" becomes an essential necessity from the concrete case under examination, in order to better manage the patient's symptomatological picture [60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73], without ever excluding the two opportunities.…”

Affective Dependence: From Pathological Affectivity to Personality Disorders: Definitions, Clinical Contexts, Neurobiological Profiles and Clinical Treatments

“…It is no coincidence that Panksepp investigated the neuronal bases of emotions and affectivity, demonstrating that at the basis of any form of psychic activity there is an ancestral core of emotional consciousness called "emotional proto-consciousness" activated by the deep brain areas of the so-called "reptilian brain". [4] DYSFUNCTIONAL AFFECTIVITY AND ITS CLINICAL RELEVANCE Generally, when we indicate alterations in the emotionalaffective tone we refer to a whole series of morbid conditions, which have a dysfunctional tone as a common basis; just think of anxiety disorders [5][6], among which we find panic, phobias, separation anxiety (at the basis of many psychotic and personality disorders) and generalized anxiety, eating disorders [7], obsessive-compulsive disorder [8], post-traumatic stress disorders [9], somatic syndromes [10], mood disorders (such as depression, dysthymia, cyclothymia, and suicidal risk) [11,18], behavioral [12] and substance addictions [13], bipolar disorder [14], paraphilic disorder [17] and also a large part of personality disorders [15][16]. And it is precisely in personality disorders that dysfunctional affectivity becomes a real addiction, often confused even by technicians and therapists (and wrongly treated in psychotherapies) as a new "behavioral addiction" (the so-called "love addiction"), according to one's perception of reality [19][20], until it evolves into the largest form: the "personality addiction disorder".…”