“…The pathological-pathogenic position suggests that in its divergences from white American norms and values Black American community life and practical consciousness are nothing more than a pathological form of, and reaction to, American consciousness rather than a dual (both African and American) hegemonic opposing "identity-in-differential" (the term is Gayatri Spivak's) to the American one (Elkins, 1959;Frazier, 1939Frazier, , 1957Genovese, 1974;Murray, 1984;Moynihan, 1965;Myrdal, 1944;Wilson, 1978Wilson, , 1987Sowell, 1975Sowell, , 1981Stampp, 1956Stampp, , 1971. Afrocentric Proponents of the adaptive-vitality school suggest that the divergences are not pathologies but African "institutional transformations," Africanisms, preserved on the American landscape (Allen, 2001;Asante, 1988Asante, , 1990Billingsley, 1968Billingsley, , 1970Billingsley, , 1993Blassingame, 1972;Gilroy, 1993;Gutman, 1976;Herskovits, 1958Herskovits, [1941; Holloway, 1990a;Karenga, 1993;Levine, 1977;Lewis, 1993;Lincoln and Mamiya, 1990;Nobles, 1987;Staples, 1978;Stack, 1974;West, 1993;Sudarkasa, 1980Sudarkasa, , 1981.…”