The concept, structure, and progress of seawater metal-air batteries

Abstract

Seawater metal-air batteries (SMABs) are promising energy storage technologies for their advantages of high energy density, intrinsic safety, and low cost. However, the presence of such chloride ions complex components in seawater inevitably has complex effects on the air electrode process, including oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR and OER), which requires the development of highly-active chloride-resistant electrocatalysts. In this review, we first summarized the developing status of various types of SMABs, explaining their working principle and comparing the battery performance. Then, the reported chlorine-resistant electrocatalysts were classified. The composition and structural design strategies of high-efficient chlorine-resistant ORR/OER electrocatalysts in seawater electrolytes were comprehensively summarized. Finally, the main challenges to be overcome in the commercialization of SMABs were discussed.

Leveraging novel microwave techniques for tailoring the microstructure of energy storage materials

“…As a result, the strategic development of electrode materials, distinguished by their carefully controlled nanostructured microarchitectures synthesized through microwave-assisted methods, plays a critical role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries [114] . These nanoscale microstructures play a crucial role in significantly boosting the reactivity and ion transport efficiency within the electrode materials, thereby substantially elevating the overall functional performance of the battery system [115] .…”

Mo-doping heterojunction: interfacial engineering in an efficient electrocatalyst for superior simulated seawater hydrogen evolution

“…Nevertheless, direct seawater electrolysis is still in its early stages and faces significant challenges, including the poisoning effect of non-innocent ions such as chlorine anions, and the low kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). 8–10 Furthermore, these will occur in the chlorine evolution reaction (CER) in an acid environment, and they compete with the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). 11 It is widely accepted that in alkaline conditions, the CER can be efficiently blocked, and the OER usually exhibits a reasonable performance.…”