In this research,
the diesel–palm fatty acid distillate
ethyl ester–hydrous ethanol, palm fatty acid distillate ethyl
ester, and diesel were studied to investigate the gas emissions and
performances of the direct injection diesel engine at different engine
loads and engine speeds. At all engine speeds and loads, nitrogen
oxide emissions from all fuel blends (D50PE40E10, D40PE50E10, and
D30PE60E10) were significantly lower than the baseline diesel. At
all engine speeds and engine loads, the fuel blends released less
carbon dioxide than the baseline diesel, with the exception of the
D30PE60E10 blend. Furthermore, D30PE60E10 diesel was used to test
wear for 500 h long-term endurance of diesel engine components. The
results indicated that biodiesel in fuel blends may reduce engine
component wear by forming a thin coating on the metal surface of the
engine component. However, after 100 h of continuous operation with
D30PE60E10 blend, the engine cannot be restarted because only a part
of the fuel pump had many pores on the surface of the plunger, barrel,
delivery valve, and valve holder. However, these components may have
to be considered to prevent corrosion when this fuel blend was employed.