The condensation of a vapour to an assembly of droplets or particles

Time-variation of particle size distributions during coalescence, dispersion and ultrasonic emulsification

“…[26] The equations show that after some time the particles reach a limiting size, as is otherwise obvious. [26] The equations show that after some time the particles reach a limiting size, as is otherwise obvious.…”

“…A brief bibliography of the recent extensions of the theory will include the diffusional growth of particles (3)(4)(5)(6), heterodispersions (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), coagulation with p otential barriers (13)(14)(15)(16), condensation and coalescence (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27), electrified aerosols (28 to 31), and evaporating aerosols (27,32,33). A brief bibliography of the recent extensions of the theory will include the diffusional growth of particles (3)(4)(5)(6), heterodispersions (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), coagulation with p otential barriers (13)(14)(15)(16), condensation and coalescence (17)(18)(19)(20)…”

Mass Transport of Condensed Species in Aerodynamic Fallout Glass from a Near-Surface Nuclear Test

“…The Heft study thus categorized fallout into two broad particle populations: one that is comprised of environmental debris that was melted (or partially melted), and another that is comprised of metal oxide spheres that formed from a condensation and/or agglomeration process. The observation of sub-micron particle sizes from air-bursts is in line with the Stewart model of condensation (∼1 micron) [26]; however, the largest particles (>10 microns) are not explainable by that model, and were asserted to be a result of the agglomeration of material that was not completely vaporized.…”

“…This model states that still more sand was incorporated into the fireball due to the subsequent vacuum and afterwinds, followed by the instantaneous freezing of entrained material at approximately 10 seconds after the explosion was initiated, as cold air infiltrated the fireball [46], thus increasing the inventory of trinitite. However, this accounting of the formation of trinitite contradicts early formation theories put forth by Stewart and Heft, where primary condensates either deposit on the surface of entrained molten soil, or disperse as 'global' fallout [12,26,27], and would instead explain trinitite formation wholly by the gravitational settling of entrained soil onto a molten layer of soil on the ground.…”

“…This information, along with the geographic spread of radioactivity following detonation, provided the first evidence of the extent to which device materials and radioactive fission products interacted with, and dispersed through, the environment The required size of a spherical parcel of air that would be necessary to absorb the amount of X-ray energy initially produced from the given yield for a range of initial temperature conditions (adapted from [21]) post-detonation. One of the first mathematical approaches to the formation of fallout, published in 1956 by Stewart, described the mechanisms of condensation and coagulation [26]. In this model, the nucleation of condensates formed from the cooling vapor depends on the saturation vapor pressure of metal or metal-oxide species in the fireball, as well as the potential cooling rate and thermal variation within the fireball.…”