The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence

Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.

doi:10.1525/aa.1971.73.3.02a00040

Cited by 209 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Contrary to our prediction, patrilocality is not related to ritual costs, even controlling for internal warfare frequency, which has been shown to be correlated with patrilocality in other cross-cultural research (Ember and Ember 1971). 12 Community size is also not a significant predictor of variance in ritual costs.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Scars for war: evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs

Sosis

Kress

Boster

2007

Evolution and Human Behavior

229

153

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Scars for war: evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs

Sosis

Kress

Boster

2007

Evolution and Human Behavior

229

153

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“…Matriliny could emerge because of the loss of cattle, tsetse fly infestation (26), or some other cause (40), which may have reduced the pressure for inheritance through the male line. The results presented here suggest that, in turn, changes in descent may have driven residence patterns to change to matrilocal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Bantu kinship challenges Main Sequence Theory of human social evolution

Opie

Shultz

Atkinson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance The agricultural revolution had a dramatic effect on all aspects of human society, but piecing together how humans lived as they spread farming practices worldwide remains difficult. In particular, the fundamental structures of human society, namely the way that property is inherited and the rules governing postmarriage residence, do not leave a clear trace in the archaeological record and, therefore, have been largely intractable. However, the recent availability of phylogenetic language trees coupled with new Bayesian statistical techniques makes it possible to reconstruct the ancestral state of Bantu kinship and reveals that inheritance and residence rules coevolved as farming spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Our results question current theory suggesting that residence rules are the primary driver of all other human social structures.

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“…) (Ember and Ember, 1971;Ember, 1975). Given the importance of female labor, it may have been desirable to keep related women together in the same village.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐biased weaning and early childhood diet among middle holocene hunter–gatherers in Central California

Eerkens

Bartelink

2013

American J Phys Anthropol

104

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This article evaluates age of weaning and early childhood diets of eight males and nine females from a Middle Holocene (4300-3000 BP) site in Central California, CA-CCO-548. All individuals died as adults. d 15N values from serial sections of dentin collagen in first molars suggest females were fully weaned, on average, by 3.6 years of age, about 0.4 years later than males in the sample, suggesting possible greater parental investment in female offspring. However, throughout childhood females consumed lower trophic-level foods than males. This could indicate greater investment in males through provisioning of higher quality foods, or alternatively, some degree of independent foraging by males starting as early as 2 to 3 years of age. Even as adults, these same males and females consumed a different range of foods as indicated by their bone collagen d Humans are unique among primates in terms of child investment and weaning practices. Not only is there extreme variation between and within particular societies, but offspring are typically weaned at much earlier ages than non-human primates, such as great apes. For example, accounting for differences in growth rates and life history effects, humans breastfeed on average less than half as long as our close relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas (Dettwyler, 2004;Kennedy, 2005).Early human weaning and the nature of early childhood diets, as well as high interindividual variation in such practices, has been used to speculate on a number of evolutionary processes in our species' past (Trivers, 1974;Blurton-Jones, 1986;Sellen and Smay, 2001, Stearns, 1992;Kaplan, 1996;Borgerhoff-Mulder, 1992, 2001Piperata, 2009). These processes often pit the costs of longer breastfeeding to parents, especially mothers, against benefits to offspring. Breast milk is a significant energetic investment for a mother. It can negatively impact her health, require her to work harder to obtain calories, take away from time she could be working (opportunity costs), and decrease her ability to get pregnant again, lowering her fertility and overall fitness, as well as that of her male partner (Delgado et al., 1982;Borgerhoff-Mulder, 1992;Riordan, 2005;Sellen, 2006;Piperata and Mattern, 2011). On the other hand, breast milk provides a child with a reliable and easily digestible source of calories and nutrients. Empirical evidence suggests that extended breastfeeding offers long-term benefits to children, such as increased stature, better cognitive capabilities (e.g., higher IQ), greater immunity to some diseases, and lower rates of obesity (Taren and Chen, 1993; Mortensen et al., 2002;Schack-Nielsen and Michaelsen, 2006), effects also seen in non-human primates (Hinde et al., 2009). For these reasons, the age at which a mother weans a child has often been used as a proxy measure of parental investment in offspring (Stuart-Macadam and Dettwyler, 1995;Humphrey, 2010).Research in human behavioral ecology suggests that parents will reduce their investment in children in environments where increas...

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The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal Versus Patrilocal Residence

Cited by 209 publications

References 12 publications

Scars for war: evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs

Scars for war: evaluating alternative signaling explanations for cross-cultural variance in ritual costs

Phylogenetic reconstruction of Bantu kinship challenges Main Sequence Theory of human social evolution

Sex‐biased weaning and early childhood diet among middle holocene hunter–gatherers in Central California

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