“…Although studies into animal cruelty have increased over the years, a drawback is that the majority of studies have focused on intentional animal cruelty and on clinical or special populations, adult populations, relying heavily on retrospective reports of childhood animal cruelty (e.g., Parfitt & Alleyne, 2016). Studies have focused on the links between cruelty and violence (e.g., Collins et al, 2018;Monsalve, Ferreira & Garcia, 2017), and associations between cruelty and behavioural problems (e.g., Baglivio et al, 2017), and links with adverse childhood experiences (Browne, Hensley & McGuffee, 2017). Most studies have not directly focused on childhood cruelty towards animals (e.g., Levitt, Hoffer & Loper, 2016;Newberry, 2017aNewberry, , 2017bSanders & Henry, 2017;Walters, 2017).…”