The Connections of Pregnancy-, Delivery-, and Infant-Related Risk Factors and Negative Life Events on Postpartum Depression and Their Role in First and Recurrent Depression

Abstract

Introduction. The aim of this study is to assess how negative life events and adverse experiences with pregnancy, delivery, the infant(s), and breastfeeding cessation impact on postpartum depression (PPD), specifically in first lifetime and recurrent depression. Method. The study group comprised 104 mothers with a current episode of PPD and a control group of 104 mothers who did not have current PPD. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) was used for data collection. The course of the depression, adverse experiences, and breastfeeding were assessed by self-reports. Results. In age-adjusted multivariate analyses, mental and physical problems during pregnancy or delivery, postpartum problems with the infant and breastfeeding cessation, and negative life events during the previous 12 months were associated with postpartum depression. Eighteen percent (18%) of the mothers had first depression and 82% recurrent depression. Mental and physical problems during pregnancy or delivery were associated with both first lifetime and recurrent depression. Nevertheless, negative life events and infant/breastfeeding issues associated only with recurrent depression. Conclusion. Factors associated with pregnancy and delivery have an impact on PPD, but in recurrent depression other postnatal and psychosocial factors are also important risk factors.

Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression in Southwest, Ethiopia, 2017: a cross-sectional study

“…Participants whose age range are from 15 to 24 years are 58% times less likely to develop post-partum depression than those who has age greater than 30 years. Which is similar to finding in the study conducted in Nepal [ 13 ] and with other studies conducted in Joensuu, a town in Eastern Finland [ 26 ], China [ 27 ], US [ 22 ], university of Oulu, central Finland [ 18 ]. This decrement of postpartum depression in young age in this study can be due to increment of educational coverage currently in Ethiopia especially in young age which inturn increase ANC services utilization.…”

“…Participants who have other chronic physical illness were 7.71 times more likely to develop post-partum depression than those who were not chronically ill. This finding is inline with similar studies conducted in Beirut [ 28 ], US [ 29 ], Joensuu, a town in Eastern Finland [ 26 ], China [ 27 ]. Chronic illness makes them economically dependant, brings public stigma due to life long treatment, an incurability of the disease can make them hopelessness, and getting birth during illness also another burden.…”

Cesarean section for women with dengue fever and thrombocytopenia complicated by post-partum psychosis: case report

“…1 Previously, authors concluded that the post-partum sleep deprivation may lead to development of mental and behavior disorders and subsequent PPS. 2 The PPS of the studied case can be caused by the stress of 2 consecutive cesarean sections, increased corticosteroid level during the stress of surgeries 3 and decreased immune response due to dengue fever. 4 Previous studies demonstrated definite correlation between stress of surgeries, cortisol level, fever and PPS.…”

The Association Between Demographic Characteristics and Attempting of Pregnancy with Postpartum Depression and Anxiety Among Women Referring to Community Health Centres: A Cross Sectional Study

“…According to their research results, women who gave birth with intended pregnancies didn’t experience depression, while most of the women who gave birth with unintended pregnancies were depressed ( 52 ). Stressful life events including lower wealth, food insecurity and adverse experiences before pregnancy are connected to PPD and anxiety ( 53 ). Maybe for many mothers, the experience of pregnancy and childbirth is often being accompanied by less likely to be depressed and anxious that in the present research we obtained this result.…”