The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes

Krenczkowska, Dominika; Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska, Krystyna; Wielgomas, Bartosz; Cal, Krzysztof; Bartoszewski, Rafał; Bartoszewska, Sylwia; Jankowski, Zbigniew

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.154

Cited by 14 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Irreversible disorder of the SC structure due to lacunae (open space) formation can be explained by permeation of various cyclic siloxanes (molecular weight 297–445 Da and logP = 5.1–8.87) through the stratum corneum, epidermis and dermis up to the receptor fluid. This has been proved in previous studies by our research team [ 11 , 16 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…We developed our research methodology, including the ex vivo skin sample preparation, based on the official guidelines for the study of dermal absorption of xenobiotics, published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World Health Organization (WHO) [ 11 , 27 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Siloxanes improve skin sensory properties and alleviate dry skin, but there is still one report (published 2019), regarding their effects on skin barrier properties, including interaction with lipids and proteins of the SC, proved by using fluorescence microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) [ 11 ]. To study this in more detail, we selected the cyclic siloxanes D4, D5, and D6, based upon the current state of knowledge about these compounds; especially with respect to: (a) widespread use in medical products for skin, cosmetics and personal care products not only intended for adults (e.g., Zeraderm Rofil Medical, La Roche-Posay Hydreane Riche cream, Vichy Aqualia Thermal cream, Garnier Regenerating body lotion) and children (e.g., Aderma Epitheliale Pierre Fabre Cosmetique), but also for infants (e.g., Penaten cream, Emolium) and (b) significant environmental pollution (in particular water, sediment, soil, air, and dust), increasing the risk of human exposure to these compounds, especially on exposure through the skin, posing even toxicological problems [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, only two studies have been published, by our research team, which proved that the human skin provides no barrier for D4, D5, and D6 [ 11 , 16 ]. We also proved that the compounds analyzed can bio-accumulate, particularly in the SC, but also in the epidermis and the dermis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also proved that the compounds analyzed can bio-accumulate, particularly in the SC, but also in the epidermis and the dermis. Furthermore, identification of cyclic siloxanes in receptor fluids indicated an increased risk of absorption into the organism via the blood and lymphatic vessels located in the dermis [ 11 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)—Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Stachowska

Krenczkowska

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Cyclic siloxanes (D4, D5, D6) are widely used in skin products. They improve skin sensory properties and alleviate dry skin, but there is still one report (published 2019), which regards their effects on the destruction of the skin barrier, by using fluorescence microscopy and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). A new skin-imaging technique, digital holographic microscopy (DHM), was used for the first time to investigate the impact of D4, D5, and D6 on the skin barrier. We observed irreversible damage of the stratum corneum due to the interaction with cyclic siloxanes. These substances changed: (a) the first level of the skin barrier through destabilization of the intercellular lipid lamellae and destruction of the corneocyte structure (measured with axial nanometer resolution), (b) the second level by collapse of not only corneocytes but also of a significant part of the clusters, leading to the loss of the stratum corneum integrity and formation of the lacunae, (c) the third level as an effect of the change in the surface geometrical topography of the stratum corneum and disruption of the integrity of this skin layer, measured with lateral micrometer resolution. DHM allowed also to identify an important pathway for substances to penetrate into the skin through canyons surrounding the clusters. Our investigations provide advanced information for understanding the mechanisms by which various substances pass the skin barrier, including uncontrolled diffusion into the skin.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)—Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

Mojsiewicz‐Pieńkowska

Stachowska

Krenczkowska

et al. 2020

IJMS

Self Cite

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Toxicokinetic Profiles and Potential Endocrine Disruption Effects at the Reproductive Level Promoted by Siloxanes Used in Consumer Products

Marrugo‐Padilla,

Atencio‐Diaz,

Barros‐Domínguez

et al. 2024

J of Applied Toxicology

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Siloxanes, commonly known as silicones, are polymeric compounds made up of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together alternately. Within this group of substances are linear methyl‐siloxanes and cyclic methyl‐siloxanes, with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) being the most produced and used industrially. Due to their versatility, high production volume, stability, and local presence in environmental matrices and biological fluids such as breast milk, fat, and plasma, siloxanes have been considered persistent organic pollutants, representing a public health problem. This represents a public health concern, especially when different investigations have reported potential endocrine effects at the reproductive level in experimental animals exposed to D4 and D5. The objective of this study was to review the potential reproductive and endocrine effects derived from siloxanes present in personal care products (PCPs). The results of the literature review confirmed that D4 and D5 were the most used siloxanes as additives in PCP because they improve the emollient properties of the cosmetic and the physical appearance of hair and skin. Similarly the toxicological effects of siloxanes, particularly D4, D5, and D6 included significant endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, and liver toxicity. Studies in SD and F‐344 rats, commonly used to assess these effects, have shown that D4 has low estrogenic activity, binding to ER‐α receptors, whereas D5 does not bind to estrogen receptors. D4 exposure has been associated with increased uterine weight and estrous cycle alterations, leading to prolonged exposure to estrogens, which raises the risk of endometrial hyperproliferation and carcinogenesis. Recent research highlights that D5 exposure disrupts follicle growth, endometrial receptivity, and steroidogenesis, resulting in infertility and hormonal imbalances, potentially causing disorders like endometriosis and increased cancer risk. Chronic exposure to D5 has been linked to the development of uterine endometrial adenocarcinoma, with higher doses further elevating this risk.

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Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) as the emerging pollutants in environment: environmental distribution, fate, and toxicological assessments

Kumari

Singh

Marathe

2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)—Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

Evidence of Skin Barrier Damage by Cyclic Siloxanes (Silicones)—Using Digital Holographic Microscopy

Toxicokinetic Profiles and Potential Endocrine Disruption Effects at the Reproductive Level Promoted by Siloxanes Used in Consumer Products

Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (D4, D5, and D6) as the emerging pollutants in environment: environmental distribution, fate, and toxicological assessments

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