The Consequences of Training and Competition to the Musculoskeletal System in Ultramarathon Runners: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Ultramarathons are becoming increasingly popular every year, leading to more and more publications focusing on athletes of these endurance events. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the effects of ultramarathons on the motor system. Various studies have attempted to answer questions about negative and positive effects on the musculoskeletal system, common injuries, optimal strategies, and regeneration. Considering the increasing number of ultramarathon athletes, the discoveries may have practical applications for a multitude of experts in the field of sports medicine, as well as for the athletes themselves. Acute locomotor system changes in runners as assessed by locomotor biomarkers are reversible and may be asymptomatic or painful. Injuries suffered by runners largely allow them to finish the competition and are usually overlooked. Regeneration, including regular massage and the use of supporting techniques, allows for faster convalescence. This publication is meant to be a source of knowledge for people associated with this discipline.

Are pre‐race serum blood biomarkers associated with the 24‐h ultramarathon race performance?

“…This means that athletes who covered a lower distance showed higher pre‐race levels of these serum biomarkers, possibly suggesting the presence of immune system activation and/or organ damage before the race in less‐performing UM runners. Immune system activation might be due to microtrauma to the musculoskeletal system or upper respiratory tract infections occurring during practice for the UM competition (Partyka & Waśkiewicz, 2021; Peters et al., 2010; Shin & Lee, 2013). Similarly, higher pre‐run ALT and GGT levels could be linked to transient hepatocellular injury after overly UM training (Shin et al., 2016; Tirabassi et al., 2018).…”

Creatine: A valuable supplement in aquafeeds?

“…Creatine is a dietary supplement intensively used in sports to enhance endurance and strength in athletes. [1][2][3][4][5] It is available in the diet through the consumption of milk, red and white meat, fish, molluscs and crustaceans (Table 1). On average, a 70-kg man has a creatine pool of 120-140 g (1.7-2 g kg À1 ).…”