The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior.

Legal, individual, and environmental predictors of court disposition in a sample of serious adolescent offenders.

“…Time perspective taking, or the ability to foresee short and long term consequences, was assessed with the 8-item Future Outlook Inventory (FOI; Cauffman & Woolard, 1999). Items were drawn from various measures of similar constructs (Scheier & Carver, 1985;Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994;Zimbardo, 1990). The FOI asks participants to rate from 1 to 4 (1 = Never True to 4 = Always True) the degree that each statement applies to them (e.g., "I will keep working at difficult, boring tasks if I know they will help me get ahead later"), with higher scores indicating a greater degree of future consideration and planning (alpha = .…”

Beyond the Shadow of a Trait: Understanding Discounting Through Item-Level Analysis of Personality Scales

“…Finally, there is reason to believe that TSCS scores and discount rates correlate above and beyond a simple demonstration of mutual behavioral relations. For instance, Joireman, Balliet, Sprott, Spangenberg, and Schultz (2008) found a positive correlation between scores on the TSCS, the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994) scale, and the CFC-Future subscale (an index of the degree to which the long-distance outcomes are included in current decisions). A negative correlation was also observed between TSCS scores and the CFC-Immediate subscale (a measure of the degree to which immediate outcomes are weighted).…”

“…As noted previously, the 11 TSCS items that correlate with discount rates suggest that discounting is more a measure of how future delays are used in making immediate decisions than a measure of an individual's ability to wait for future outcomes. Study 2 (conducted concurrently with Study 1, although undertaken for somewhat different purposes) further explored this proposition by comparing discount rates to two other personality measures: the Consideration of Future Consequences scale (CFC; Strathman et al, 1994) and a measure of self-efficacy. The CFC scale evaluates the degree to which respondents include future outcomes in decision making.…”

Relation Between Time Perspective and Delay Discounting: A Literature Review

“…The ZTPI consists of five subscales: Past-Positive, reflecting a warm, sentimental, positive attitude toward the past; Past-Negative, reflecting a generally negative, aversive view of the past; Present-Hedonistic, reflecting a hedonistic, enjoyment-and pleasure-focused, risk-taking "devil may care" attitude toward time and life; Present-Fatalistic, measuring a fatalistic, helpless, and hopeless attitude toward the future and life; and Future, measuring a general future orientation that includes the planning for and achievement of future goals, often at the expense of present enjoyment, delayed gratification, and avoidance of time-wasting temptations (also see D'Alessio, Guarino, de Pascalis, &Zimbardo, 2003, and, for questionnaire variants focusing on one or more subscales). Similar, though not as widely adopted, measures have been developed recently to examine the degree to which individuals perceive their use of time as structured and purposive (Bond & Feather, 1988), the extent to which individuals plan for the future (Prenda & Lachman, 2001), and their consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994). studies directly comparing delay discounting and Future Time Perspective…”