The consolidation and bond strength of rafted sea ice

Bailey, Eleanor; Sammonds, Peter; Feltham, D. L.

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.06.002

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Usually, these strengths have been measured for bonds grown under water over periods that have not been long enough to reach saturated bond strengths. On the other hand, the highest reported shear strength values ~0.3…0.7 MPa (Bailey et al, 2012;Boroojerdi et al, 2020b;Shafrova and Høyland, 2008) are within the same range as the flexural strength values measured here. Given that the tensile strength of ice is, on average, lower than the shear strength (Timco and Weeks, 2010), the strength values measured here are perhaps surprisingly high.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…While there are no other data on the tensile strength of freeze bonds, the results can be compared to the relatively large amount of earlier work on the shear strength of freeze bonds (Bailey et al, 2012;Boroojerdi et al, 2020aBoroojerdi et al, , 2020bBueide and Høyland, 2015;Ettema and Schaefer, 1986;Helgøy et al, 2013aHelgøy et al, , 2013bMarchenko and Chenot, 2009;Repetto-Llamazares et al, 2011b, 2011aShafrova and Høyland, 2008). Common values for the shear strength in those studies ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 MPa, which are considerably lower than the flexural strength values measured here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Given that the water layer after wetting the contact surfaces is very thin, the bond strength would be expected to saturate quickly; Appendix A describes a simple model and suggests that the process, similar to above described phase (1), takes fewer than 10 minutes at -10 °C and a greater amount of time of about 1.5 h at -3 °C, aligning with earlier studies and the result here. This means that for saline bonds, phase (3) has a duration of about 6…12 hours, whereas earlier experiments have occasionally had relatively long freezing times, varying from 60 h to 12 days (Bailey et al, 2012;Shafrova and Høyland, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…As part of the studies on the evolution of bond strength, it has been fairly common to investigate the ratio of the bond strength values to that of the parent material (Bailey et al, 2012;Boroojerdi et al, 2020b;Shafrova and Høyland, 2008). Shafrova and Høyland (2008) found that specimens with bonds grown in the field had the strength ratio varying from 0.008 to 0.082 (with a mean of 0.03 after 48 hours of bonding).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The flexural strength of bonded ice

Murdza¹,

Polojärvi²,

Schulson³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. The flexural strength of ice surfaces bonded by freezing, termed freeze-bond, was studied by performing four-point-bending tests of bonded freshwater S2 columnar-grained ice samples in the laboratory. The samples were prepared by milling the surfaces of two ice pieces, wetting two of the surfaces with water of varying salinity, bringing these surfaces together, and then letting them freeze under a compressive stress of about 4 kPa. The salinity of the water used for wetting the surfaces to generate the bond varied from 0 to 35 ppt. Freezing occurred in air under temperatures varying from −25 to −3 °C over periods that varied from 0.5 h to ~100 hours. Results show that an increase in bond salinity or temperature leads to a decrease in bond strength. The trend for the bond strength as a function of salinity is similar to that presented in Timco and O'Brien (1994) for saline ice. No freezing occurs at −3 °C once the salinity of the water used to generate the bond exceeds ~25 ppt. The strength of the saline ice bonds levels off (i.e., saturates) within 6–12 hours of freezing; bonds formed from fresh water reach strengths that are comparable or higher than that of the parent material in less than 0.5 hours.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The flexural strength of bonded ice

Murdza¹,

Polojärvi²,

Schulson³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…acrylic cylindrical tanks in the Rock and Ice Physics cold room facilities at UCL. Discs were grown to ∼100-110 mm in depth with an air temperature of −10 ∘ C [6,16]. The ice had typical grain dimensions 10 mm in the horizontal ( -) plane and 50 mm in the vertical ( ) direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Friction of Saline Ice on Aluminium

Wallen-Russell

Lishman²

2016

Advances in Tribology

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The friction of ice on other materials controls loading on offshore structures and vessels in the Arctic. However, ice friction is complicated, because ice in nature exists near to its melting point. Frictional heating can cause local softening and perhaps melting and lubrication, thus affecting the friction and creating a feedback loop. Ice friction is therefore likely to depend on sliding speed and sliding history, as well as bulk temperature. The roughness of the sliding materials may also affect the friction. Here we present results of a series of laboratory experiments, sliding saline ice on aluminium, and controlling for roughness and temperature. We find that the friction of saline ice on aluminium ice-al = 0.1 typically, but that this value varies with sliding conditions. We propose physical models which explain the variations in sliding friction.

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The Influence of Ice Rubble on Sea Ice Friction: Experimental Evidence on the Centimetre and Metre Scales

Scourfield

Lishman

Sammonds

2022

IUTAM Symposium on Physics and Mechanics of Sea Ice

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Sea ice floes in the Arctic collide with each other, and this leads to the production of smaller pieces of broken ice, which we call rubble. Rubble is also produced when ice collides with offshore structures, and when ships pass through sea ice. Previous analyses of ice friction have considered the contact between two sliding ice surfaces. Here, we consider the effective friction between two ice surfaces separated by ice rubble. In particular, we present experimental results across a range of scales and environments. We show results from metre-scale experiments in the Barents Sea; from metre-scale experiments in the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA); and from centimetre-scale experiments in the Ice Physics laboratory at UCL. We show that the effective kinetic friction is consistent across these scales, and comparable to friction coefficients measured without rubble. Looking at static friction, we find that when floes are in static contact for a short time, the presence of rubble acts to reduce static friction. However, if floes and rubble remain in static contact for around 10 4 s (a few hours) then the presence of rubble promotes strengthening, and the floe-floe effective friction can be raised by the presence of rubble. This has implications for modelling Arctic Ocean dynamics and for assessing friction loads on ships making repeated passages through a channel.

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The consolidation and bond strength of rafted sea ice

Cited by 14 publications

References 13 publications

The flexural strength of bonded ice

The flexural strength of bonded ice

The Friction of Saline Ice on Aluminium

The Influence of Ice Rubble on Sea Ice Friction: Experimental Evidence on the Centimetre and Metre Scales

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